topic 3 - voice of the genome

• large, surrounded by double membrane called the nuclear envelope • contains pores for molecules to enter and leave • contains DNA wrapped in histone proteins in a complex called chromatin • nucleolus - site of ribosome synthesis • controls cells activities by controlling transcription of DNA • nucleolus makes ribosomes

• round organelle surrounded by single membrane • no clear internal structure • contains digestive enzymes used to digest invading cells or to break down old components of cell

• floats free in cytoplasm or is attached to RER. made of proteins and RNA. • site of protein synthesis

• series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on surface • folds and processes proteins that were made at ribosomes

system of membrane bound sacs synthesises and processes lipids

• fluid filled, flattened sacs with vesicles surrounding edges • packages and processes new lipids and proteins • makes lysosomes

• surrounded by double membrane called envelope • inner membrane folded to form cristae • fluid matrix inside containing enzymes for respiration • site of aerobic respuration • where ATP is produced

hollow cylinders with ring of microtubules arranged at right angles involved in separation of chromosomes in cell division

• surround cell. made up of cellulose • strengthens and supports cell, contains pores for transport

• small flattened structure, contains double membrane. • inner membrane is stacked into thylakoid • contains chlorophyll • site of photosynthesis

• small, enclosed by membrane • synthesis and stores starch molecules and breaks them into gluocse

surrounded by membrane called a tonoplast (controls what enters and leaves) - contains cell sap - keeps cell turgid - stops plants wilting and also breaks down unwanted chemicals

channels of cytoplasm between adjacent cell walls - allow communication and exchange of substances

• sections of cell wall where plants can communicate and exchange substances • the cell wall only has one layer

• made of pectin • sticks plant cell walls together

• proteins are made on ribosomes • proteins produced on ribosomes on surface of RER and folded and processes in RER • proteins then transported from RER to golgi apparatus in vesicles • they are modified in golgi apparatus • gogli packages proteins into vesicles to be transported around cell or leave by exocytosis

• mainly made of lipids and proteins • controls movement of substances into and out of cell

• made of peptidoglycan • supports the cell/ prevents it from changing shape

• helps prokaryotes stick to other cells and can be used in transfer of genetic material between cells

helps to retain moisture, adhere to surfaces and protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

• inward folds of the plasma membrane • may play a role in cellular processes or may just be artefacts

• small loops of DNA that contain genes for processes like antibiotic resistance. not always present

floats free in cytoplasm, not attached to any histone proteins

• tail like structure that rotates to help cell move