Macromolecules
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What is a polymer?
A large molecule made of repeating monomers.
What reaction breaks bonds between monomers?
Hydrolysis; water is added to break the bond.
What reaction builds polymers by joining monomers?
Condensation/dehydration reaction; water is removed.
What structure do monosaccharides form in water?
A ring structure (alpha or beta).
What type of glycosidic bonds are in starch and glycogen?
Alpha glycosidic bonds.
What type of glycosidic bonds are in cellulose?
Beta glycosidic bonds.
What makes a fat saturated?
No double bonds; straight chains; solid at room temp.
What makes a fat unsaturated?
At least one double bond; bent chains; liquid at room temp.
How do phospholipids arrange in water?
Into a bilayer: hydrophobic tails inward, hydrophilic heads outward.
What are the four components of an amino acid?
Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R-group.
What determines an amino acid’s unique properties?
The R-group.
What is primary protein structure?
The linear sequence of amino acids.
What is secondary protein structure?
Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding.
What is tertiary protein structure?
The 3-D shape formed by interactions among R-groups.
What is quaternary protein structure?
A protein composed of two or more polypeptide subunits.
What causes sickle-cell disease?
A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin altering its structure/function.
Name a storage polysaccharide.
Starch (plants) or glycogen (animals).
Name a structural polysaccharide.
Cellulose or chitin.
What bond links fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester bond.
What is a triglyceride?
A glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached.