Experimental Design
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Solvent
Substance that dissolves a solute
Solute
Substance that is dissolved in a solvent
Solution
Mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
Saturated solution
Solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature
Filtrate
Liquid/solution that has passed through a filter
Residue
Substance that remains after a (specified) process ie. Filtration
Endpoint
The point at which a solution changes colour
Rf (retention factor) formula
Distance traveled by substance/distance traveled by solute
Chromatography solvents examples (3)
Methanol Water Ethanol
Chromatogram
Visual output of a chromatography run
Why must the initial line in chromatography be drawn in pencil
It is insoluble in most solvents
What is the line where the solvent stops moving called
The solvent front
In what container is chromatography carried out
A solvent chamber
Uses of chromatography (4)
To separate amino acids To test the purity of a substance To test drugs and additives To separate mixtures of dyes and sugars
Simple distillation
Used to separate a dissolved solid or 2 miscible liquids with different boiling points Mixture is heated until boiling point reached and turns to a gas which is passed through a condenser and then collected as a liquid
Fractional distillation
Used to separate liquids with different boiling points, the one with the lowest boiling point is collected first in the fractioning column (also makes use of a condenser)