Chapter 3 - The Complexity of Psychological Development
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Psychological development
the changes in an individual’s social, emotional and cognitive abilities from infancy through to old age
Genes
the basic units of heredity or inheritance that contain genetic information and form a section of DNA
Heredity
the passing on of genes or genetic information from parents to their offspring
Genotype
all the genes that a person has inherited from their biological parents
Phenotype
how a person’s genes are expressed
Hereditary factors
biological influences on development that result from the genetic information passed from biological parents to their offspring
Environmental factors
different external influences within a person’s environment that can affect their development
Maladaptive behaviour
behaviour that is unhelpful, dysfunctional and non-productive, and that interferes with a person’s ability to adjust to their environment appropriately and effectively
Biopsychosocial approach
considers a person’s development and mental wellbeing as influenced by the interactions between biological, psychological and social factors
Biopsychosocial model
an interdisciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology and social factors
Risk factors
a range of factors that may increase one’s chances of developing atypically or having a mental disorder
Protective factors
a range of factors that may prevent or decrease the chances of developing atypically or having a mental disorder
Mental wellbeing
a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and can contribute to their community
Mentally healthy
having no difficulty with activities of everyday living, and displaying resilience
Mental health problems
relatively short-term disruptions that affect the everyday functioning of an individual
Mental disorder
one of a wide range of usually long-lasting conditions that affect mood, thinking and behaviour
High levels of functioning
the ability to carry out a wide range of daily activities, attend to selfcare, maintain interpersonal relationships and demonstrate resilience in the face of everyday challenges
Resilience
the ability to ‘bounce back’ to previous normal levels of functioning when faced with adversity
Life stressor
an everyday or conceivable event, such as a relationship breakdown, work challenges or failing a test
Wellbeing
the complex combination of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual health that is linked to happiness and life satisfaction
Social wellbeing
the connections a person makes with other people and their ability to get along with others in a community
Emotional wellbeing
the ability to feel a range of emotions and express these in a positive way
Biological factors
a range of factors that relate to the physiological functioning of the body
Genetic vulnerability
an increased likelihood that an individual will develop atypically or experience a mental disorder due to the DNA that they carry