Sustainability - Food
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food miles
the distance food travels from the time of its production until it reaches the consumer.
carbon footprint
the mass of carbon dioxide emitted by any specific activity.
carbon neutral
no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
carbon offsetting
compensating for emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere with an equivalent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions elsewhere.
impacts of increasing global population on food supplies social, economic and environmental
social: - greater competition for food in ELDCs results in conflict and uncertainty over food security economic: - More export potential which can improve economy. - Money can then be invested in improving health care and education. - Greater job potential and standard of living for population. environmental: - Soil becomes exhausted and can’t recover. - Soil becomes compacted and more easily eroded by the wind. - Greater demand for fertiliser application. - Increased carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions due to transportation of goods
food security definition
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food.
food security why it is becoming increasingly difficult
• diet - as countries develop they move from traditional food to more refined and processed food which requires more resources • energy - increasing energy is required for farm machinery and transportation • water - global stresses on available water for human usage • climate change - disruptive weather events lower yields and increase disease in livestock • labour - urbanisation results in low rural population able to produce food
intensive farming
• using methods of farming; such as crop monocultures, battery farming, increased use of agrochemicals; to increase crop yeild • although the yield is high, it is not sustainable practice
GM crops sustainable farming practice
• these are crops which have had thier genome altered to obtain a certain charateristic such as drought resistance, natural pesticide, or contain certain vitimins and nutrients • this helps to increase crop yield • it can be controversial as we dont know the risks to human health in addition to the potential of cross pollination creating super weeds
diversification sustainable farming practice
farmers making money from non-farming activities is known as diversification methods of diversification include: - growing energy crops - planting native woodland - encouraging wildflower meadows - restoring old buildings for holiday homes
organic farming what is it?
the production of crops without using agrochemicals
organic farming methods
• polyculture • crop rotation • use of natural manure • biological pest control
organic farming advantages
• lower growing cost • enhances soil nourishment • resistance to disease and pests • increases drought tolerance • environmentally friendly
organic farming disadvantages
• lower productivity • requires skill • time consuming • affected by climate change
trawling intensive fishing methods
method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. Netting bags are towed through the water to catch different species of fish.
dredging intensive fishing methods
a fishing method where a dredge is towed along the sea bed targeting any bottom dwelling species.
aquaculture intensive fishing methods
cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations in a controlled environment. advantages: - economically important (money and jobs) - regular supply of fish - all year round supply disadvantages: - use of chemicals can impact wild animals - escaping organisms breed with local fish and harm genetic diversity - parasites spread rapidly
fish conservation approaches
• zoning and marine conservation - areas designated marine protected areas (MPAs) are protected from unsustainable fishing • marine stewardship council (MSC) - set standards for sustainable fishing