Stoichiometry and the Mole
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What is an Experimental Error?
The Experimental error is the uncertainty obtained in a measurement
What are Systematic Errors?
Systematic errors arise from flaws in equipment or investigation design. Reproducible with precision Can be identified and corrected
Examples of Systematic Errors?
Typical causes of systematic error include Observational error Imperfect instrument calibration Environmental interference. Forgetting to tare or zero a balance produces mass measurements that are always “off” by the same amount
What are Random Errors?
Random errors are errors that cannot be avoided and are always present They Arise from variations in how a student or students record a measurement
How to detect Systematic Errors?
• Analyse samples of known composition • Analyse ‘blank’ samples and verify that the instrument will give a zero result • Obtain results for a sample using multiple instruments to verify the accuracy of the instrument
What is Hydrogen Carbonate?
HCO3-
What is Phosphate?
PO4 3-
Metal + Water
Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
Oxide + Acid
Salt + Water
Hydroxide + Acid
Salt + Water
Carbonate + Acid
Salt + Water + Co2
Hydrogen carbonate + acid
Salt + Water + Co2
Ammonia + Acid
Ammonium Salt
Metal Carbonate
Metal Oxide + Co2
Solubility Rules?
N- itrates A-cetues G-roup 1 S-ulfates (Castro Bear + PMS) A-mmonium G-roup 17 PMS
Give three reasons why the amount of X is less than the maximum theoretical yield?
Reversible, Product lost on Isolation, Other Reactions take place, Reaction hasn’t fully finished
1 tonne in g?
1000000
How to convert MPa into Pa?
MPa x 1000000 = Pa
How to convert dm3 into m3?
dm3/1000 = m3
Suggest why there may be a higher mass of mercury?
The oxide may contain some mercury