Competency 3.7 - analyze the key elements of US citizenship, including rights, privileges, and responsibilities

legal claims that individuals have to protect themselves from discrimination at the hands of both government and other citizens, and include the right to vote, equality before the law, and access to public facilities

protects the sanctity of people from arbitrary government interference

the act of government following established procedures fairly and justly

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention

first ten amendments to the constitution that contain many protections that define the ideals of american life

this amendment, passed in 1868, prohibits states from denying civil rights and individual liberties to their residents

this amendment, part of the original bill of rights, protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

the concept that religion and religious motives should play little to no part in government operations

established with the first amendment, this clause allows citizens the freedom to practice any religion they desire, if any at all

established with the first amendment, this clause prevents the government from forcing a certain religion

this amendment outlaws unreasonable searches and seizures, mandates that warrants be granted only upon probable cause, and affirms the right of the people to be secure in their persons; fundamental to the court’s interpretation of due process and the rights of the accused

this amendment calls for a grand jury, outlaws double jeopardy, states that a person may not be compelled to be a witness against themselves, and is the basis for the Supreme Court rulings that protect the accused

trying a person who has been acquitted of a charge for a second time

banishment of cruel and unusual punishments

supreme court rules the separate but equal doctrine is constitutional; since the ruling did not apply the equal protection standard, segregation continued

overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that separate but equal was unconstitutional

ruled that as a slave, Scott had no right to sue for his freedom and further that congressional prohibitions against slavery in US territories were unlawful

barred states from using the concept of prior restraint (outlawing something before it has taken place) to discourage the publication of objectionable material, except during wartime or in the cases od obscenity or incitement to violence

overturned an earlier decision and ruled that compulsory saluting of the flag was unconstitutional

upheld the legality of the forced internment of persons of japanese ancestry during WWII as a wartime necessity

extended the supreme court’s exclusionary rule, which bars, at a trial, the introduction of evidence that has not been legally obtained (this ruling has been revised for circumstantial situations)

ruled that courts must provide legal counsel to poor dedendants in all felony cases

extended the right to counsel to include consultation prior to interrogation by authorities

mandated that all suspects be informed of their due process rights before questioning by police