Drugs in Sport

• It works! • There are powerful incentives to dope • Huge personal and financial rewards • Immediate gratification versus delayed sanction (time discounting) • “Win at all costs” mentality • Decisions regarding doping behaviour is made by evaluating the reward vs risk

o Effort to get clean games o Promote fair play is sports o Save the ethics of sport

• A chemical substance that interacts in the body to alter its biochemical system • It is designed for medical and therapeutic purpose for the benefit of society- this is abused for doping in sport

The use of prohibited substances and/or methods to enhance performance in sports

“Doping is defined as occurrence of one or more of anti-doping rule violations”

*** Physiological ** o To get more strength o Increase oxygen transport o Lose weight, train harder o To build muscle, increase energy o Mask injury and reduce tiredness *** Social ** o To win at all costs o Belief that everyone is doing it o Pressure from coaches, peers, and the media o By winning they can earn big money o Fear of not winning

• Avoid testers • Tamper with sample- has found beer or horse urine in replacement in some cases • Refuse to give a sample • Give someone else’s sample • Drink lots of water • Masking agents

• Dangerous to the health of the competitor • Unfair- contravenes the basic characteristics of sport • Bad example to young people • Risk of addiction

Stimulants Excite the CNS and relieve physical and psychological fatigue e.g., Cocaine, Ephedrine Cannabinoids Improve concentration, attention and determinations e.g., derivatives of cannabis such as hashish Peptide hormones and similar substances Increase performance ability, accelerate metabolism, increase resilience and stress resistance e.g., insulin, corticotrophins, erythropoietin Diuretics Regulate weight, reduce body liquid Also used in masking agents to conceal other doping substances e.g., Furosemide Glucocorticosteroids Have qualities similar to adrenocortical hormones and relieve inflammation e.g., Prednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone Aromatase inhibitors Increase own testosterone secretion - This is prohibited in males only e.g., cyclofenil Narcotics Affect the CNS, relieve pain and discomfort which could arise from muscle strain e.g., morphine, methadone Beta-2 agonists Slow down HR and reduce tremor - generally used where precise coordination is needed such as shooting and diving - All Beta-2-agonists are prohibited except formoterol e.g., salbutamol is allowed to be taken in inhalations for asthma Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMS Affect androgen receptors responsible for muscular fiber growth, growth of muscle bulk or strength Myostatin inhibitors Block myostatin effects. Myostatin is a specific protein responsible for the regulation of organic growth of muscle tissue Anabolic steroids Increase muscle strength, resilience, help quickly restore after strenuous physical exercise, especially protein exercise e.g., Nandrolone, testosterone

• WADA “strict liability’ policy • Athletes are responsible for what’s in their system • First offence- up to four-year ban • Second offence- possible life ban • Athletes can be stripped of medals years later

• Ancient Greeks to modern sports • Athletes have sought to gain a competitive advantage • IAAF banned doping in 1928 (no tests) • 1st IOC ‘banned list’ in 1967- there was no testing at this time only a list of 27/28 substances that were banned • 1st Olympic tests in 1968, Mexico- Only some compounds included • Anabolic steroids- first tests in 1976- big increase in doping violations • Increased IOC testing after Seoul 1988 • 1999 World Anti-doping agency (WADA)

• To monitor anti-doping activities worldwide • To ensure proper implementation of and compliance with the World Anti-doping code (code) • Harmonizing anti-doping rules in all sports and all countries • Accreditation and monitoring of laboratories engaged in antidoping analysis

30 o America= 5 o Asia= 6 o Europe= 17 o Oceania= 1 o Africa= 1 They are dedicated to the analysis of sports doping control tests WADA accreditation is based upon compliance with two international standards **o ISO/ IEC 17025 o International standard for laboratories (ISL), WADA ** • WADA monitors the performance through continuous external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) • Participation in the EQAS is mandatory for all WADA accredited laboratories

• Screening • Confirmation • Analytical procedures: 1. Registration and aliquoting 2. Pre-treatment: (homogenisation, centrifugation, filtration) 3. Extraction/ purification: (sample preparation methods) 4. Derivatisation 5. Instrumental analysis

*** Sample extraction ** o Extraction of samples according to different screening methods o Screening methods depends on the properties of the compounds and are not restricted to a certain class on the list o Target specific screenings like EPO, hCG, hGH *** Sample analysis ** o Once the samples reaches the lab, ‘A’ sample is opened and analysed o ‘B’ sample will be securely stored o If ‘A’ sample reveal an Adverse Analytical finding, the ‘B’ sample may be tested on request o The seal of B sample is opened in Prescence of athlete or the independent observer

• Each batch contains 1 or more control samples and a blank urine • Most of the screenings are qualitative • Quantitative compounds o Cannabis o Formoterol o Salbutamol o Morphine o Ephedrines o hCG

About 400

• Substances and methods always prohibited • Substances and methods prohibited in competition • Substances prohibited in particular sports *** Important: **athlete is responsible for everything, that enters his/her body

o Enhancing sports performance o Health risks to the athletes o Violating the spirit of sports o Masking use of other prohibited substances and methods

• Found naturally in many plants such as coffee and tea, yerba mate leaves, kola nuts, guarana seeds and cacao • Included in the 2022 monitoring program- In competition only and is not considered prohibited substances (in case it becomes an anti-doping issue in the future

• WADA has not banned but sports federation may have their own ban and regulations on alcohol abuse

• With threshold of 1 µg/mL • Permitted: inhaled salbutamol: maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours in divided doses not to exceed 600 micrograms over 8 hours starting from any dose