B7 non-communicable diseases
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What are hybridomas?
Cells that have been combined from different types of cells (think of this as a cell version of an alloy)
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Proteins that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body. Produced from a single clone of cells
All mammals procude what?
lymphocytes
What do Hybridoma cells do?
cells divide to make a large number of identical cells that all produce the same antibody ⟶ these antibodies are collected and purified
What can be used as antigens?
Free protein molecules
How do pregnancy test work?
relies on a hormone called b-HCG ⟶ this hormone is passed out in the urine when pregnanct - pregnancy tests have monoclonal antibodies - when these antibodies bind to b-HCG this produces a colour change ⟶ this gives the second line (positive results)
How can monoclonal antibodies be used in diagnosis of disease?
monoclonal antibodies bind onto antigens on pathogens, blood clots, or cancer cells ⟶ the monoclonal antibodies may carry many markers to show where it is built up
What are some direct uses for monoclonal antibodies?
Send out a signal, triggering the immune system, to recognise and attack and destroy cancer cells
What is the advantage of monoclonal antibodies?
Doesn’t affect healthy cells ⟶ ONLY binds to specific antigens
What is the disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?
they are expensive to develop
How can Monoclonal antibodies stop cancer cells growing and dividing?
block receptors on the surface of cancer cells, carry toxic drugs, radioactive substances or chemicals to stop it growing, and attack the cancer cells directly
What is nicotine?
addictive but a relatively harmless drug in tobacco ⟶ produces sensation of calm, well-being and ‘being able to cope’
How is CO Poisonous?
Takes up some of oxygen-carrying capacity in blood ⟶ leads to shortness of oxygen
How does Nicotine increases heart rate affect the body?
damages the lining of arteries, and makes coronary heart disease more likely and increases the risk of clot formation
What is Carbon monoxide?
poisonous gas in cigarette smoke
Why is smoking bad especially when pregnant?
Pregnant women carry O2 for themselves and the fetus so smoking means fetus may not get enough O2 ⟶ premature births, low birthweight babies, stillbirths
How does smoking affect the lungs?
Cilia in trachea and bronchi are anaesthetised (deprived of feeling or awareness) by some chemicals in tobacco smoke
How does tar from smoking affect the lungs?
Tar accumulates in lungs and increases chances of developing bronchitis (inflammation of bronchi)
How does tar acclamation affect the body?
breakdown of lung tissue/alveoli ⟶ leads to COPD ⟶ reduces SA:V ⟶ less gas exchange ⟶ causes severe breatlessness and eventually death
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
What can Obesity lead to?
Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease
What a some advantages of more exercise? 2
you have more muscle tissue ⟶ higher metabolism, less likely to be overweight ⟶ reduces risk of developing arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure It lowers your blood cholesterol levels ⟶ lowers health problems
What is type 2 diabetes?
either the body doesn’t make enough insulin or cells stop responding to it