Chemistry - electronic configuration , electrons , ions , ionic substances , bonding ., periodic table - all for exams
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what order are electrons filled in using SPD ?
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , , 3d10 , 4s2
what order are electrons removed when using SPD ?
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 , 3d10
what are the rules when filling boxes to show electron configuration
• Folow the rule of electron configuration . • In each box arrows go in opposite directions.
How do you know the charge of a transition metal ion ?
Hydrogen is given in roman numerals
what are the charges of protons , neutrons and electrons ?
Proton = +1 Neutron = 0 Electron = -1
what are the masses of protons , neutrons and electrons
Proton = 1 neutron = 1 Electron = very small
what are the 3 types of bonding and where do they occur
Covalent bonding - non metals only Metallic bonding - Metal only ionic bonding - non metals and metals
why do ionic substances have a high melting and boiling point ?
This is because of the strong electrostatic force of attraction holding the opposite charged ions together and a large number of ionic bonds in an ionic lattice.
why do ionic substances don’t conduct electricity when solid ?
Ionic compound cannot conduct electricity when solid as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
why do ionic substances conduct electricity when molten or liquid ?
Ionic substances conduct electricity when molten or liquid because ions are free to move in the substance.
why do covalent substances have a low melting and boiling point ?
Covalent substances have a low melting and boiling point due to the weak intermolecular substances . Little energy is needed to break the covalent substances.
why do covalent substance do not conduct electricity ?
covalent substances do not conduct electricity because there are no charged particles to move and carry charge. Most covalent compounds are insoluble in water.
why do metallic substances have a high melting and boiling point ?
This is because the increased positive charge on the metal ions and the increased number of electrons that are delocalised . this means stronger bonding
why do metallic substances do conduct electricity ?
Metallic substances conduct electricity because they have free electrons or delocalised electrons
why are metallic substances malleable and ductile ?
They are due to structure of their atoms which allows layers to slide over each other . Metals are made of a positive ion lattice surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons
what is the meaning of dative / coordinate bonding ?
Dative or coordinate bonding is a shared pair of electrons from the same element.
what is the definition of electronegativity ?
Electronegativity is the tendency of an element to attract a shared pair of electrons towards it in a covalent bond.
where are electronegative elements found ?
Electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table .
what are examples of some electronegative elements in the periodic table ?
Fluorine , Nitrogen , oxygen and chlorine
what are the 3 types of intermolecular forces
London forces ( van der woels ) Permeant dipole dipole forces Hydrogen bonding
what is the order of strength for intermolecular forces ?
Weakest to strongest : London forces , permanent dipole forces, hydrogen bonding.
where do London forces occur ?
London forces occur between all molecules and compounds .
why do London forces occurs ?
London forces occur because of a temporary dipole caused by an uneven distribution of electrons.
what is the definition of the word malleable ?
Malleable means the metal can change shape.