Chapter 4
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Mechanics
Modern study of motion
Kinematics
The description of how things move
Dynamics
The description of what causes things to move
Statics
The description of how stationary things react to pushes and pulls
Scientists split mechanics into three parts:
kinematics, dynamics, and statics
System
The boundary may be an actual surface such as walls of a container or it my be an imaginary box . Anything inside the boundary is it
Points of Reference
Physicists call such landmarks points of reference A point of reference is nothing more than the stationary location from which we choose to make our observations.
The geometric space containing the point of reference is
Frame of reference
Accelerated reference frame
When the observational point of view is not moving at a constant speed or direction, it is accelerating.
Coordinate axis
An imaginary line marked off in distance units
Time Interval
The span of time between an initial time and a final time.
Scalars
Require just a single piece of information to complete Dimension can be positive, negative, or zero
Vectors
Require two pieces of information Both a positive scalar value and a direction
Kinematics
Measures the position, speed, or velocity and acceleration of objects
Motion
Occurs when a system’s position changes during an interval of time
Distance
Represented by d in formulas. Note that distance is always positive.
Displacement
Change in position involves a distance but also a direction
Speed
The speed of a system is simply the rate of motion.
Velocity
The rate of completing a displacement.
Acceleration
The rate of change of the speed or velocity during a given time interval.
Two dimensions motion
Involves changes of position on a coordinate plane
Three dimensional motion
Occurs in all three spatial dimensions length, width, and height