Respiratory

Decreased o2 content in the areterial blood normal values 80-100mmhg

Increased co2 (paCO2) in the blood 35-45mmHg

Decreased cellular and tissue oxygenation affecting pH - normal pH is 7.35-7.45

Bound by Hb apparent on ABG values

Pulse oximetry, Hb bound oxygen

Amount of oxygen in the blood

Decreased surface area, thickened resp membrane, solubility of gas, rate of diffusion, pressure gradient between the membranes

Diameter of the airways and is lined with ciliated epithelium, cilia beat continuously to move mucus out of the lungs.

Lined with goblet cells and traps inhaled particles

Obstructed alveolus, no ventilation e.g mucus plug

Blood flow obstruction, adequate ventilation often with pulmonary embolism

Under ventilated lung leads to local vasoconstriction to limit blood flow to affected lung tissue and divert blood to a well ventilated area to continue removal of C02. O2 therapy can cause constricted capillaries to dilate increasing C02 content rapidly and cause pulmonary HTN

More desaturated the Hb, the more c02 it carries

Hydrostatic fluid is greater than the oncotic pressure = excess lung fluid. Obstructed lymph drainage, blood circulation not moving correctly (LV failure/HTN/AMI/ drugs/ noxious gas inhalation.

Diuretics to increase fluid excretion, Vasodilators (GTN) donates nitric oxide increases smooth muscle cGMP Inotropic agonist - increase HR to improve contractions 02 therapy Mechanical ventilation - CPAP

Collapse lung due to compression in pleural space or Tumor or absorption (inhaled conc 02 or noxious gas)

Huge inflammatory response causing damage to the capillary membrane allowing fluid to leak into the alveoli. Common cause is sepsis

Chronic inflammation causing narrowing of the airways

Often initiated by environmental triggers (extrinsic atopic) leading to dendritic cells presenting the invading toxin to type 2 helper cells (TH2 immune cell subtype) which proliferate against specific allergens by producing cytokines like IL4 = IgE = mast cells leukotrines, prostaglandins and histamines. IL5 = eosinophils = more cytokines and leukotrienes = type 1 hypersensitivity because of IgE

alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency which can be caused by smoking

the PaO2 is less in the capillary than the alveolus - diffusion occurs from a high concentration to a low concentration

spreads along an airway, indicates chronic disease

chronic airway remodelling, mucus plugs (hypertrophy of mucus glands) leading to a build up of scar tissue

bronchoconstriction