Chapter 5D - Compromise Conditions

Conditions that may not give the best yield of product but are the most economically viable in terms of cost of production and reaction rate

The process of reducing/elimination of CO2 and other greenhouse gases

hydrogen gas produced using renewable energy sources e.g. wind/solar power through electrolysis

Hydrogen produced through steam methane reforming (SMR)

A reaction that occurs at the same time as the main reaction leading to the formation of side products and lower yield of the main product.

Times where a conflict exists between the equilibrium yield and reaction rate

• optimise the formation of reaction products by increasing reaction rate • reduce the formation of unwanted side products (minimise side reactions) • improves efficiency of the manufacturing process for desired reaction

• low temperatures lead to higher yield while high temperatures lead to higher rate of reaction • catalysts reduce activation energy increasing reaction rate • reduces the energy input required, making process more energy efficient

• Can undergo physical changes and become less effective hence replaced • this does not mean the catalust has been consumed • Recycling catalysts improves sustainability

• allows for preservation of earth’s finite resources • mining catalysts extremely difficult and requires great energy • reduces amount of waste sent to landfill

Project with overall positive net economic contribution to society after all costs and benefits are accounted for

• high temperatures increases the risk of side reactions taking place • irreversible, the amount of unwanted products increase while the amount of available reactants decreases • can destroy production of equipment hence catalysts extend the lifetime of equipment

• Energy efficiency • Focus on energy consumption not energy production

• increase rate of reaction instead of high temperatures • reducing the energy input • better for the economy/environment • lower temperatures are less expensive and require less energy to maintain

• recover wasted heat from exothermic reactions carried out on a large scale • transfer heat from one place to another • heat is recovered and reused to continue powering the reaction • reduces energy input requirements