Cell Respiration

Usually have to do with the amount of ATP, if there is a lot of ATP then it will bind to some of the enzymes and inhibit them if there not a lot of ADP then it will cause the enzymes to increase production

Glycolysis will continue regardless the others will shut down

when pyruvate accepts the electron from NADH made in glycolysis instead of O2 Allows the glucose to still be processed and make ATP when there not enough final electron receptor(Oxygen) for the for the electron transport chains converts Nadh back into Nad+ only makes 2 ATP, very inefficient

lactic acid fermentation - pyr accepts elect from NADH, makes NAD+ and lactate. NAD+ is used again in glyc For mammals, more common alcohol fermenation - pyr is converted into acetaldehyde and CO2 Acetaldehyde accepts elect from NADH Ethanol and NAD+ are produced for orgs like yeast, unicellular moulds NAD+ is oxidized in fermentation

glycolysis - gluc broken down into pyr pyruvate oxidation - pyr processed to make acetyl-Coa krebs cycle - Acetyl-Coa is processed to CO2 electron transport chain - has oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis into pyruvate happens in cytosol pyr goes into mitochondria, through its 2 memb, into cytosol of mitochondria krebs happens in the cytosol of mitochondria etc happens in the inner memb of mito

like money, atp is the base currency NADH is another currency that needs ot be converted into ATP to be of use. same with FADH2

the first 3 steps in cell resp are ox of glucose (glycolysis, pyr ox, krebs) etc + atp synthase is oxidative phosphorylation

It is insoluble in water storage capacity for glucose doesn’t degrade in the presence of water which is really important humans eat the foods like potatos that use starch to store sugars.

10 chem reactions makes 2, 3 carbon molec called pyruvate NAD+ is reduced to NADH has net 2 ATP (uses up 2, makes 4) has net 2 NADH regulated with neg feedback loo

with neg feedback loop high levels of ATP inhibit enz used in glyc ATP can also bind to the active site but if there is high conct of ATP some will bind to regulatory site and slow it down If you have too much ATP then you don’t need to run the second half of glyc, enz is in step 4

In the presence of ox it becomes Acetyl-coa Acetyl Coa is 2 carbon molec, pyr is 3 One of the carbon atoms from pyr is lost as CO2 Takes place in mitochondrial matrix, and then Acetyl-Coa goes into mitochondria Makes CO2 an NADH has Pos and Neg feedback

If the bact or arch is just the mitochondria then it would just happen on the inside of the bact Happnes in the cytosol of the bacteria and archaea

if there is high ATP levels then it does negative feedback also if there is not a lot of NAD+ it slows down so that it doesnt get depleted NADH is used as positive feedback

Third and final step in oxidation of glucose Acetyl Coa is oxidiced into 2 CO2 8 molecs are used but none of them are used up makes 3NADH and1 FADH2 and 1ATP happens in mitochondrial matrix has neg feedback loop, regulated by ATP and NADH levels

electrons in NADH and FADH2 are decreased in redox reactions uses protiens in the innber memb of mitochondria, makes up etc etc used to pump protons accros memb, makeing electrochem gradiant electrons end up at O2 Uses proton motive force to drive atp synthase

protein complexes in the mito memb reduce the NADH and FADH and push the protons into the intermemb space keeps conct high so that they are trying to get in through the atp synth