Unit 2.3
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What are the 2 types of fertility?
• Cyclic • Continuous
What gender shows what kind of fertility and why?
Females - Cyclic as they are only fertile for a few days before and after ovulation. Males - Continuous as they continually produce sperm in their testes
What happens to a woman’s body temperature and cervicle mucus during the fertile period?
Temperature rises by 0.5 degrees (celsius) after ovulation Mucus thins and becomes watery to allow sperm to reach the oviduct
How can infertility be treated?
• Stimulating ovulation • Artificial insemination • ICSI • IVF
How can ovulation be stimulated?
• Drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion • Drug that mimics the action of FSH and LH
What can happen when ovulation is artificially stimulated?
Can lead to multiple births or allows collection of ova for IVF
When can artificial insemination be used and how is it conducted?
To overcome low sperm count where donor sperm can be used if the male is sterile. Several samples of semen are collected over a period of time before the semen is inserted into the uterus.
When can ICSI be used and how is it conducted?
ICSI can be used if sperm is defective or numbers are low. Sperm head is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation.
What is the process if IVF
• Eggs are surgically removed from ovaries after hormone stimulation • Eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish • The fertilised eggs are incubated until they have formed at least 8 cells • These are transferred to the uterus for implantation • Any unused embryos are frozen in case more rounds of IVF are required
What is the use of Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
Can be used to identify single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
What are the 2 methods of contraception?
Physical and chemical
What are physical forms of contraceptive?
• IUD copper coil • Diaphragm • Spermicide • Sterilisation • Condoms • Abstaining
What are chemical forms of contraceptive?
• Implant • Oral contraceptive (pill, mini pill) • Hormonal IUD • Emergency contraceptive
What is the difference between the pill, the mini pill and the emergency contraceptive?
The pill combines synthetic oestrogen and progesterone which mimics the negative feedback control, preventing the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary. Egg development and release will stop completely once pill is taken. The mini pill contains only progesterone and causes thickening of cervical mucus, stopping sperm from passing the cervix. The emergency contraceptive delays ovulation and releases a higher dose of progesterone and oestrogen.
What are the 2 types of screening techniques?
• Blood/urine tests • Ultrasound
What and when is a dating scan carried out?
Determines what stage the pregnancy is at and the due date of the baby. It takes place 8-12 weeks into pregnancy.
What and when is a anomaly scan carried out?
Detects serious physical abnormalities in the fetus e.g. bones, heart, brain etc. It takes place 18-20 weeks into pregnancy
What is a marker test and why do they need to be carried out at the correct time?
It gains information on health conditions. It needs to be carried out at the correct time to prevent false negatives/positives.
What is amniocentesis?
When fluid is removed from the amniotic sac and tested for genetic disorders.
What is CVS?
Small sample of cells from the placenta occurs at 8 weeks and is used to produce a karyotype.