(O) Topic 15 - Alcohols
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What is the equation for fermentation of carbohydrates?
C6H12O6 -> 2(C2H5OH) + CO2
What are the conditions for fermentation of carbohydrates
Temperature = 35 degrees C Pressure = atmospheric Catalyst = yeast (as an enzyme) Other = aqueous and anaerobic
What are the pros of fermentation of carbohydrates in ethanol production?
• uses renewable materials, e.g. sugar cane • Takes place at low temperatures and pressures
What are the cons of fermentation of carbohydrates in ethanol production?
• Slower • Batch Process • Impure ethanol (15%)
What is the equation for the reaction of ethene with steam
CH2=CH2 + H2O -> C2H5OH
What are the conditions for the reaction of ethene with steam?
Temperature = 300 degrees C Pressure = 70 atm Catalyst = concentrated phosphoric acid
What are the pros of the reaction of ethene with steam in ethanol production?
• Faster • continuos process • Produces purer ethanol
What are the cons of the reaction of ethene with steam in ethanol production?
• Non renewable materials • Takes place at higher temperatures and pressures
Oxidation of Primary Alcohols with distillation
Potassium Dichromate and Conc Sulfuric Acid. Heat and Distill. Produces Aldehyde
Conditions, reactants and products for oxidation of primary alcohol or aldehyde with reflux
Heat and reflux. Potassium Dichromate and Conc Sulfuric Acid. Produces a Carboxyllic Acid.
Describe how Potassium Dichromate acts as an indicator
Changes from orange to green when reduced
Conditions, reactants and products for oxidation of secondary alcohol
With reflux and heat. Potassium Dichromate and Conc. Sulfuric Acid. Produces Ketone and H2O
Practice
Mechanism for the elimination of an alcohol
Draw: Distillation Apparatus
Refer to notes for answers
Draw: Reflux Apparatus
Refer to notes for answers
Oxidation of: Tertiary Alcohol
Does not occur as Tertiary Alcohol is too stable.