Cell Bio Exam

tumour that spreads by invasion and metastatis. invades tissues, enters circulatory system (metastasits)

tumour that grows in confined, local area. usually not life threatening

1) Carcinoma: from epithelial cells (internal and external) eg: lungs, breast, colon 2) Sarcoma: in supporting tissue eg: bone, cartilage, connective tissue 3) Lymphoma & leukemia: from lymph and blood.

Based on a loss of growth control, producing tissue mass called tumours. Rate of cell division exceeds rate of cell loss.

1) cancer cells invade surrounding tissue & vessels 2) cancer cells are transported to distant sites by circulatory system 3) cancer cells reinvade & grow at particular sites

• Spreads by invasion/metastatis • Has distinct appearance (large, irregular shaped, microvilli) • Produce tumours when injected into lab animals • Increased growth • Chromosomal abnormalities

immune response to foreign matter and how responses are used to resist infection

Adaptive defense system to protect from invading pathogenic organisms and cancer. 2 activities: recognition and response.

Protection from infectious disease (specific and non specific components) - innate and acquired

1) Innate: (non specific immunity) resistance to disease you are born with. lacks immunologic memory 2) Acquired: (specific immunity): required functional immune system. repeated exposure improves response/memory

1) Anatomic barriers: prevents entry into the body. 1st line of defense against infection. includes skin 2) Physiological barriers: temp-inhibits growth. pH-fever response soluble factors: lysozymes: cleaves bacterial cell wall interferons: induce antiviral in uninfected cells 3) Endocytic and phagocytic barriers: cells break down foreign matter and some phagocytes kill/digest whole microorganism. 4) inflammatory barriers: tissue damage/infection induce vascular fluid leakage. increase phagocytes into affected area.

1) antigenic apecificity: allows immune system to distinguish very subtle differences among antigens. 2) diversity: generates great diversity, recognizes billions of structures of foreign antigens. 3) immunologic memory: 2nd encounter induced heightened immune response 4) only responds to foreign antigens.

1) humoral: (antibody mediated immunity) B cells display and secrete antibodies 2) cellular (cell mediated immunity) : T cells directly attack infect cells.

formation of red/white blood cells from stem cells

every blood cell is derived from a stem cell.

chemicals radiation viruses genetics

make up 20-40% of bodys white blood cells. categorized by funciton and components. B cell: T cells Null cell

matures in bone marrow. distiguished by presence of membrane bound antibodies ( B cell receptors) B cell is activated when the antibody binds to antigen. it differentiates into either memory B cells (immunologic memory) or effector cells (does not express membrane bound antibody but a secreted form)

matures in thymus. has antigen binding recepetor called T cell receptor. unlike B cells that recognize antibody, TCR recognizes antigen only when antigen is associated with a cell membrane protein.

T-helper (TH) T-cytotoxic (TC)