Module 4.1.1 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry
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What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon compounds derived from crude oil
What type of bonding is in organic compounds? How many?
Covalent bonds between carbon atoms (4 atoms in outer shell, so forms 4 covalent bonds)
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms
What does saturated mean?
The compound only contains single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes)
What does unsaturated mean?
Contains at least one multiple bond (double/triple) between the carbon atoms Includes, alkenes (double bond), alkynes (triple bond) and aromatic compounds (benzene)
What does homologous series mean?
A family of compounds containing the same functional group but with each successive member of the series differing by a -CH2 group.
What trends appear within a homologous series?
Physical properties (e.g. melting and boiling points increase)
What is a functional group?
An atom/group responsible for the characteristic reactions of the compound
Why are alkanes and alkyls not considered to be a functional group?
They are generally unreactive compounds as they have strong C-H and C-C bonds
What is the functional group of the homologous series: alkene?
alkene group/C=C bond
What is the functional group of the homologous series: haloalkane? (4)
• fluoro (-F) • chloro (-Cl) • bromo (-Br) • iodo (-I)
What is the functional group of the homologous series: alcohol?
alcohol/hydroxy group, -OH
What is the functional group of the homologous series: aldehyde?
aldehyde group, end of carbon chain carbon: C=O and C-H
What is the functional group of the homologous series: ketone?
ketone group, carbon inside the chain (not on outside), C=O with C-C bonds on either side
What is the functional group of the homologous series: carboxylic acids?
carboxylic acid/carboxyl group, end of the carbon chain, C=O and C-OH
What is the functional group of the homologous series: ester?
ester group, C in the chain, -C=O and the same carbon -C(double bond to O here)-O-
What is an alkyl group?
Has the formula CnH2n+1, given the symbol R
What are aromatic compounds?
Compounds that contain a benzene ring (C6H6)
What are aliphatic compounds?
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight/branched chains or non-aromatic rings
What are alicyclic compounds?
Compounds arranged in non-aromatic rings with/without side chains
Can alicyclic compounds be aliphatic compounds?
Yes, as they are not aromatic rings. Aliphatic compounds are not always alicyclic though
What is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry?
A systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds.
What are organic molecules typically made up from? (3)
• a parent chain/ring of C atoms (STEM) • alkyl (R) groups, CnH2n+1 • one or more functional groups (suffix)
What are the first ten prefixes of the stem carbon chain/ring (as the C number increases)?
• meth- • eth- • prop- • but- • pent- • hex- • sept- • oct. • non- • dec-