Module 2 Chapter 13/14
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What reagent and condition is needed for an alkene to react to form alcohol
Acid catalyst (H3Po4) and steam
What is meant by the term structural isomer
Same molecular formula but different structural formula
Suggest why an alkene is less soluble in water than an alcohol
Alkenes do not contain OH groups therefore do not form hydrogen bonds with water
What is the mechanism when an alkene reacts with a bromine molecule to produce 1,2,3 tribromopropane
Electrophilic addition
State what reagent and condition is needed for alkene to form 1-bromopropane
Hydrogen and nickel catalyst
Radical substitution produces a mixture of organic products. Suggest 2 reasons why
It produces different termination products Substitution at different positions along the chain
What is the general formula for alkyl groups
CnH2n+1
Iodine monobromide, I-Br, is a polar molecule. Heterolytic fission of the I-Br bond forms an electrophile. State the meaning of the term electrophile and suggest the formula of the electrophile formed from IBr
Electrophile is electron pair acceptor I+
What does a curly arrow represent in a reaction mechanism
Movement of a pair of electrons
Cyclopentene can be prepared from cyclopentanol . What type of reaction is this
Elimination reaction
Describe the oxidation reactions of Butan-1-ol forming an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid
Butan-1-ol can be heated under distillation and the oxidising agent is Cr2O7 2- and the catalyst is an acid - H+. This produces an aldehyde ; butanal - CH3CH2CH2CHO Butan-1-ol can also be heated under reflux and the oxidising agent is Cr2O7 2- and the acid catalyst is H+. This produces a carboxylic acid ; but anoxic acid. CH3CH2CH2COOH this is done by distillation
Bromocyclohexane —> E —> cyclohexene What compound is E and what reagent and conditions is needed
Cyclohexane-1-ol Acid catalyst and heat
Why is butan-2-ol classified as a secondary alcohol
Butan-2-ol ha 2 R groups ; Ch3 and C2H5
Give one reason why a Bunsen burner and a beaker is not suitable apparatus for oxidising butan-2-ol
Butan-2-ol is flammable and will boil away so you need to head under reflux using a condenser and a pear shaped flask
At room temperature and pressure, the first four members of the alkanes are all gases but the first four alcohols are all liquids. Explain this difference in terms of intermolecular forces.
Alkanes only contain hydrogen and carbon therefore they only have london forces. Alcohols contain OH bonds therefore hydrogen bonds can be made. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than london forces.
2-methylpropan-1-ol = 108° Butan-1-ol = 117° Explain why the boiling points are different
2-methylpropan-1-ol has less surface contact. It has fewer london forces compared to butan-1-ol. So less energy is required to break the london forces.
Describe a simple test a student can carry out to confirm the presence of an alkene
Bromine water should turn from brown to colourless ; decolorisation
What observations are made during oxidation of alcohols
Should turn orange to green
Suggest one advantage of adding cyclohexane to hexane in petrol
Cyclohexane will burn more efficiently
Explain what is meant by the term stereoisomers
Same structural and molecular formula but different arrangement in space
Explain how sodium hydrogen carbonate removes hydrogen chloride
Sodium hydrogen carbonate neutralises HCL
Alkene to alkane what reagents and conditions do u need
Hydrogen and nickel catalyst
Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction
A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy so grater proportion of molecules exceed the activation energy
Combustion of polymer produced HCL, which is a toxic gas. Describe how hcl is removed from the waste gases produced
HCl is passed through alkali