Angiosperms

Angiosperms Phylum: Anthophyta -____________ plants -____________ group of plants (____% of al plants) -350,000 species! -_____________ Earth for >____ million years -Became dominant plant group in late ___________ Period -Diverse in sizes, shapes, habitats, growth habits, nutrition

Phylum: Anthophyta -Exact _________________ is debated -Some hypothesize ____________ Period (200-145 mya) -Or __________ (250-200 mya) -Angiosperm pollen found from as far back as 240 mya

Basal Angiosperms Diagnostic features: -Pollen has ______ groove -Seeds with _____ cotyledons (some) *Magnoliales (magnolids) -_______ group -ex. magnolias, laurels, avocados, peppercorn, cinnamon *Austrobaileyales - star anise *Nympaeles- ___________ *Amborella *Closest living relative of ______ flowering plants

Monocots and Dicots (eudicots) A.) Monocots -___ cotyledon (______________) -Pollen has _______ groove -Flower parts in ___’s or multiples of ___’s *_________ leaf venation -Vascular bundles scattered in stem -__________ species -ex. _________, palms, orchids, _________

Monocots and Dicots(2) B.) Dicots -___ cotyledons per seed -Pollen has ___ grooves -Flower parts in ___’s or __’s of multiples *_____ leaf venation *Vascular tissues or bundles in _________ arrangement -_________ species -ex. legumes, hardwood trees, fruit trees

Flower Structures *Peduncle (_____________) expands at tip into a ___________ -Bears sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels *Calyx (layer) -collection of ______ -_______ flower bud before it opens *Corolla (layer) -Collection of _______ -Usually colorful -_______ pollinators *Perianth: -Calyx + Corolla -Tepals: when sepals and petals are _____ together (lilies)

Flower Structures: *Stamen (male) Whorl 3 -Anther (contains _______) -Filament (________) *Carpel/Pistil (female) Whorl 4 -Ovary- swollen base -_______ -Style- elevates stigma -Stigma- _______ receptor of ___________

**Perfect flower: Flower with ______ male and female parts **Imperfect flower: A flower that has only male parts or only female parts -staminate: _____ flower (pollen) -pistillate: _______ flowers (no pollen, only has ovary)

Flowering Plant Life Cycle 1. Sporophyte (2N) consist of: Carpel: stigma, style, ovary (_____ reproductive structures) Stamen: anther, filament (______ reproductive structure) 2. Anther comprised of many ___________ Pollen sacs comprised of many microsporocytes Ovary comprised of an ______(megasporangium, megasporocyte) Meiosis: Megasporocytes (2N) —meiosis—> 4 megaspores (1N) (___ disintegrate) (___ functional) Microsporocyte (2N) —meiosis—> 4 microspores (1N) 3. (Gametophyte generation) Functional megaspore –mitosis–> mature megagametophyte __________ (N) Microspores —mitosis–> microgametophyte (pollen) -generative cell -tube cell 4. Pollination (transfer of pollen grains to the stigma) sperm cell: *tube cell —-> pollen tube grows toward the egg *generative cell –mitosis–> 2 sperm cells (w/o flagella) 5. Fertilization *sperm #1 and egg fuse to form a ________(2N) *sperm #2 unites with _______ (3N)= ___________ *________________ (unique to __________) 6. Flower dies (completed its purpose=__________) -Zygote develops into the seed (_______/________) -_______ wall develops into fruit and covers seeds

Pollination 2 types of pollination: *Self-pollination: when pollen from an anther reaches stigma of _____________ *Cross-pollination: when pollen from an anther reaches stigma of ___________

Pollination *Many angiosperms ___________ with pollinator (insects, bats, birds) -Plants make ________________ to attract animal pollinators (i.e. nectar, pollen, prospect of sex, etc.) -Animals pick up ________ from male parts, transfer to female reproductive parts

Pollination *Big investments to attract animal pollinators *Prospect of sex (________________) -pollen and nectar

Pollination Syndromes (characteristics evolved together) Bats and moths: -nighttime pollinators -intensely ______ smelling -______, pale petals Birds: -daytime pollinators -flowers are _____ and _______ -good _______, poor sense of ______ -_____ fragrance Beetles and flies: -flowers smell like _______ meat, ______, decaying matter Bees: -see _____________ light -flowers have _______ odors -flowers ________, ______, _______

Pollination Syndromes -Wind-pollinated flowers usually ____________ -make big investments in ________ -________ fan out to easily catch pollen -Fruits protect and aid in _________ -Utilize wind, gravity, water, and animals for dispersal -Seeds have adaptations like stickers, hooks, fuzz to adhere to _________ (ex. cockleburs (by animals), coconut palm (by water), milkweed (by wind)

Fruit = “______________” purpose: protects ______, dispersal aid Layers of a Fruit: *exocarp: outermost layer *mesocarp: middle “______” layer *endocarp: inner layer -Some fruits do not include a mesocarp -Usually eat the ________________

Fruit Types: Simple and Compound fruits 1.)Simple Fruits -Derived from _______ or several united carpels *Develop from ___ pistil and consists of ___ matured ovary -Ovary can have one or many chambers

Simple Fruits -Simple pistil (ovary) -___ ovule in ovary -fruit from this pistil will produce __ seed -ex. wheat or peach -________ pistil (ovary) -multiple ovules in ovary, produce multiple seeds ex. peas in a pod or tomato

Compound Fruits -Develop from several ________________ A.) Aggregate fruits- fusion of ovaries from a single flower. -from flowers that have a number of single pistils that stick together -several matured ovaries (simple fruits) stick together to form an aggregate fruit (fruits from ovaries of one flower) ex. ______________

Compound Fruits B.) Multiple Fruits Ovaries are from _____________ clustered together Each fruitlet is the fruit of an individual flower ex. pineapple (fruits from ovaries of many flowers)

Development of fruit from flower *________= 1 ovary of 1 flower (cherry, soybean pod) *_________= multiple ovaries -___________= of one flower (raspberry, blackberry) -___________= of many flowers (pineapple)