Intro to Org Chem
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Why can carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and ring compounds?
C-C bonds are strong and more stable than bonds of other elements. This property is called catenation
Describe sp3 hybridisation
By mixing one 2s and three 2p orbitals, four degenerate 2sp3 hybrid orbitals are formed. Each hybrid orbital contains one electron, C atom described as sp3 hybridised
Effect of hybridisation on bond length and bond strength
Hybrid orbital that has higher percentage of s character tends to form a shorter and stronger bond
Describe classification of carbon skeleton
Aliphatic –> straight/branched Cyclic –> alicyclic or aromatic (Aromatic contains 4n+2) pi electrons
Describe homologous series
A family of organic compounds with similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group
Define functional group
An atom or group of atoms common to a series and it governs the principal chemical reaction of the series
What is halogenoarene
Arene with a halogen substituent
-C-O-C-
Ether
O || -C - H
Aldehyde
O || -C - Cl
Acyl chloride (example: ethanoyl chloride)
O || -C - O-
Ester (example: ethyl ethanoate)
-NH2 / NH / N
Primary/secondary/tertiary amine
O=CNH2/HR’/RR’
Primary/secondary/tertiary amide
What is formula for amino acid
H2N - (CH2)n - O=C-OH
-C(triplebond)N
Nitrile
Name of substituent CN
cyano
Name of substituent C6H5
Phenyl
Priorities of all classes of compounds
Alkane, alkene, alkyne, arene, amine, alcohol, phenol, ketone, aldehyde, nitrile, amide, acyl chloride, ester, carboxylic acids
What is stereochemical formula
Spatial arrangement of bonds, atoms and groups in molecule
What is structural formula
How constituent atoms in a molecule are sequentially arranged using conventional groups without ambiguity
Define free radical
Highly reactive, electrically neutral atoms/groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
Describe free radicals
Attacks an atom in molecule to form new bond and generates another radical in the process
Define nucleophile
Donates an electron pair to form a bond
Describe nucleophile
“nucleus liking”, represented as :N- Electron rich, regions of high electron density Attracted to electron-deficient sites in polar bonds of compounds