Organics 1 - 4th

• a mixture of hydrocarbons, compounds of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) only • the different hydrocarbons in crude oil come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes, which results in crude oil boiling over a very large range of temperatures

• most of the hydrocarbons are useful, but often for very different purposes • this means we need to separate the oil into fractions which contain similarly used molecules.

• a mixture of similar hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

• the fractions get darker in colour • the fractions get more viscous (like treacle)

• the fractions get darker in colour • the fractions get more viscous (like treacle)

• low BP • low molecular mass • light colour • low viscosity • used for fuel for home cooking

• used for fuel for cars

• used for fuel for aircraft

• used for fuel for trains

• fuel for ships

• high BP • high molecular mass • dark colour • high viscosity • used for making roads

• by fractional distillation • done industrially on a large scale

• fractionating column is hotter at the bottom and colder at the top onenote chemistry rev pic THIS IS HOW IT WORKS: • heated crude oil vapours enter the column

• refinery gases • gasoline • kerosene • diesel • fuel oil • bitumen

• mixtures containing the hydrocarbons that boil in a particular temperature range • for example, kerosene contains hydrocarbons that boil between 250 degrees and 350 degrees.

• hydrocarbons that fit the general formula C v nH v 2n+2 • (v means subscript) • made of simple molecules containing C and H atoms held together by covalent bonds

• the start of the name shows how many carbon atoms it has • the end of the name is ‘-ane’ to show it is an alkane

• methane • *chem rev image

• ethane • *chem rev image

• propane • *chem rev image

• butane • *chem rev image

• pentane • *chem rev image

• names follow the 2d shapes • hexane, heptane, octane, etc

• displayed formula • structural formula • molecular formula • empirical formula