8 photosynthesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 This equation represents the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, using light energy.

Cyanobacteria, seven groups of algae, all land plants Oxygenic photosynthesis is characterized by the production of oxygen as a byproduct.

Light-dependent reactions, carbon fixation reactions (light-independent reactions) Light-dependent reactions require light and produce ATP and NADPH, while carbon fixation does not require light.

ATP and NADH These molecules are essential for the energy transfer required in the Calvin cycle.

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells Chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes and stroma, where light reactions and the Calvin cycle occur.

Jan Baptista van Helmont This experiment highlighted the role of water and air in plant growth.

It adds something to the air This was an early indication of oxygen production during photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a is essential for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.

Range and efficiency of photons a molecule can absorb It determines how well a pigment can capture light energy.

Accessory pigments that absorb a wide range of photons and have antioxidant properties They play a protective role in photosynthesis.

Antenna complex, reaction center The antenna complex gathers light, while the reaction center contains chlorophyll a that transfers excited electrons.

Transfers excited electrons to the primary electron acceptor This process initiates the electron transport chain.

Process in sulfur bacteria that generates ATP via electron transport without producing oxygen It involves only one photosystem.

Generates oxidation potential high enough to oxidize water This replenishes electrons lost to Photosystem I.

C3 photosynthesis It is named after Melvin Calvin and involves the fixation of carbon dioxide into three-carbon molecules.

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) It catalyzes the reaction that attaches CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) G3P can be used to form glucose and other carbohydrates.

Oxidation of RuBP by the addition of O2 This process occurs when stomata are closed, leading to competition between CO2 and O2.

Plants that fix carbon using PEP carboxylase to form a four-carbon compound Examples include corn and sugarcane.

C4 plants separate pathways in different cells; CAM plants separate pathways by time CAM plants fix CO2 at night and perform the Calvin cycle during the day.