Physical Activity & Health

A sub category of leisure time, physical activity in which planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements are performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.

Any bodily movements produced by the contractions of skeletal muscle that substantially increase energy expenditure. Termed habitual if part of ones everyday life.

An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment.

A state of psychological well being that is achieved through a combination of good diet, regular physical exercise and other practices that promote good health.

A disease associated with a sedentary or inactive lifestyle. Conditions related to inactivity or low levels of physical activity. • coronary heart disease • stroke • hypertension • obesity • type 2 diabetes • osteoporosis

The coronary artery is narrowed due to build up of plaque. Blood flow is limited to the heart. When blood flow is cut off or reduced, the myocardium is unable to function normally. Causes chest pain and eventually heart attack.

Sudden loss of brain function caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain, or a rupture of blood vessels in the brain. Ischemic- blood vessels narrow or blocked Hemorrhagic- rupture of the cerebral artery or brains surface vessels

High blood pressure, causes the heart to work harder due to resistance the blood faces when leaving the left ventricle.

An excess of body fat that endangers health

Non-insulin dependent or insulin resistant diabetes. Insulin is ineffective in transporting glucose into cells.

Low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue leads to bone fragility and risk of broken bones of the hips, spine, wrist and shoulder.

Risk of a heart attack in inactive individuals is 2-3 times larger than the risk for active people.

Increased emphasis on fast food and processed foods. People spend more time sitting in front of tv, computer, phones, creating a more sedentary lifestyle. More cars and methods of transportation, so walking/biking is limited and unnecessary. Fast/processed foods more advertised and often cheaper than the healthier alternatives.

The narrowing of the arteries due to the formation of fatty plaque

• cigarette smoking • high blood pressure • high blood cholesterol • obesity • diabetes • physical inactivity • age • sex • ethnicity • family history/genetics

Left coronary artery divides into two branches: 1) circumflex artery supplies blood to left atrium, side and back of ventricle 2) left anterior descending artery supplies blood to the front and bottom of left ventricle. Coronary veins take deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle to the right atrium Right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle and bottom portion of the left ventricle and back of septum.

Risk factors are factors that place individuals at risk for disease. Non-Modifiable risks: age, sex, ethnicity, family history, genetics. Modifiable risks: influenced by lifestyle- sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes. Metabolic syndrome: cluster of three or more risk factors greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

No physical activity leads to obesity, high blood sugar, etc. Physical activity improves the body’s use of insulin, benefits blood pressure, regulates lipid and glucose levels and decreases risk of blood clotting. Increases HDL levels and maintains weight control. Increases size of coronary arteries so they can deliver blood faster.

Using BMI (body mass index)- clinical standards for weight based on height and frame size Men with more than 25% of body fat and women with more than 35% body fat are considered overweight. Waist girth is an indicator of internal fat deposits which can coat the heart, kidneys, pancreas and liver. Women- health risk increases with waist of 31.5 inches, and increases more when more than 35 inches Men- increases risk with 37inches and more when over 40 inches.

• type 2 diabetes • cardiovascular disease • osteoarthritis • breast and colon cancer

Energy intake > energy expenditure = weight gain Energy intake < energy expenditure = weight loss Energy intake = energy expenditure = consistent weight

Minimal energy expenditure to support basic physiological processes (60-75% of total energy/day)

Increase in metabolic rate from digestion and storage of food (accounts for 10% of energy/day)

Energy expenditure above the resting metabolic rate to complete a given task (accounts for 15-30% of energy/day) brushing teeth, playing sports, etc)