Chapter 1 review
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What is ethics?
The academic study of morals and moral systems; thoughtful reflection and evaluation of moral rules.
How do ethics differ when qualified by a modifier?
They refer to specific contexts, e.g., professional ethics, personal ethics.
What is morality?
The principles or rules about right and wrong that guide a community’s behavior.
What is the difference between morality and ethics?
Morality = the rules and values themselves; Ethics = reflection on those rules and values.
Give the contemporary definition of ethics.
Thoughtful reflection and evaluation of moral systems.
Who was Augustine, and what is his significance?
A major Christian philosopher/theologian (354–430) who explored moral reflection in his writings.
What moral lesson is shown in Augustine’s pear theft story?
It illustrates the move from morality (wrong action) to ethics (reflection on why he did wrong despite no gain).
What did Augustine’s behavior reveal about morals and values?
He valued acceptance and pleasure over integrity and respect for property.
What is moral philosophy?
Reflection on moral principles using reason and logic without assuming theology.
What is moral theology?
Reflection on moral principles rooted in beliefs about God, faith, Scripture, and church tradition.
What are philosophers primarily concerned with?
Free will, knowledge, logic, meaning of life, and the good life.
What are theologians primarily concerned with?
God-human relationships, salvation, how faith shapes moral behavior.
Do philosophy and theology always oppose each other?
No; they often overlap and influence each other, especially in Christian ethics.
What distinguishes philosophy from theology in ethics?
Philosophy uses reason and universality; theology uses faith and revelation.
Name two thinkers who believed philosophy needs theology.
Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.
What is deontological ethics?
Duty-based ethics focusing on what is right regardless of consequences.
What is the key concept in deontological ethics?
Moral obligation is binding.
What is consequentialism?
Outcome-based ethics focused on producing the greatest good.
What is a key concept in consequentialism?
Maximizing utility or interests.
What is virtue ethics?
An approach that focuses on moral character and the development of virtues.
What is feminist ethics?
An approach emphasizing care, relationships, and compassion.
What is existentialist ethics?
Ethics based on authentic choice and personal responsibility.
What are core practices in philosophical ethics?
Examining assumptions, testing arguments, using counterexamples, and seeking universal principles.
How do philosophers like Kant and Mill approach ethics?
Through universality and rationality.