Basal Ganglia
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Is the BG made of gray or white matter nuclei?
gray
All of the following are functions of the BG except: a. facilitate desired movement b. controls saccadic eye movement c. inhibit competing movements d. play a roll in psychiatric disorders e. all of the above are functions
e. All of the above are functions of the BG
What structures make up the striatum?
caudate and putamen
What two structures make the lenticular nucleus?
putamen and globus pallidus
Input comes into the BG by way of the ___.
striatum
BG output is projected by way of the ___.
globus pallidus internus (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata
BG lesion effects are contralateral, ipsilateral, or both?
contralateral
What are the three input pathways?
• cortex to striatum-excitatory • substantia nigra to putatmen- inhibitory or excitatory • thalamus to putamen- excitatory
What part of the body does the SN pars reticulata convey info? What part of the body does the GPi convey info?
head and neck rest of the body
What are the three output pathways from the BG?
• GPi/SN pars reticulata to Thalamus (VA and VL) to Frontal Cortex (lateral corticospinal tract, supplemental motor and premotor) • GPi/SN pars reticulata to reticular formation (reticulospinal tract) • SN pars reticulata to superior colliculus (tectospinal tract)
Define if excitatory or inhibitory. GABA Glutamate
inhibitory excitatory
The globus pallidus internus wants to (inhibit or excite) the thalamus?
inhibit
Direct pathways (increase or decrease) movement?
increase
Indirect pathways (increase or decrease) movement?
decrease
Less output from the GPi to the thalamus results in (more or less) movement?
more
The globus palidus externus (inhibits or excites) the subthalamic nucleus?
inhibits
The subthalamic nucleus (inhibits or excites) the GPi?
excites
Dopamine (increases or decreases) motor activity?
increases/excites
Acetylcholine (increases or decreases) motor activity?
decreases/inhibits
A patient presents with loss of ROM, decreased intonation/volume, and shuffling steps. What condition might this be indicative of?
Parkinson’s
What neurotransmitter is lacking in Parkinson’s D?
Dopamine
A patient presents with rapid, involuntary and purposeless jerks of irregular and variable movement. They also have irritableness and explosive behavior. What condition might this be indicative of?
Huntington’s Disease
What neurotransmitter is lacking in Huntington’s D?
Acetylcholine