amines, amino acids and proteins
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aliphatic amine
nitrogen atom is attached to at least one straight or branched carbon chain
aromatic amine
nitrogen atom is attached to an aromatic ring
primary amine
nitrogen atom attached to 1 alkyl or aryl group
secondary amine
nitrogen atom attached to 2 alkyl or aryl group
tertiary amine
nitrogen atom attached to 3 alkyl or aryl group
amines as bases
• lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom • can accept a proton • dative covalent bond is formed
formation of primary amines
• haloalkane + NH₃ →ammonium salt - ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → primary amine
formation of secondary amines
• haloalkane + primary amine → ammonium salt - ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → secondary amine
formation of tertiary amines
• haloalkane + secondary amine → ammonium salt - ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → tertiary amine
condensation polymerisation
joining of monomers with loss of a small molecule
how can polyesters be made?
• one monomer containing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group • 2 monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acid groups and other containing 2 alcohol group
how can polyamides be made?
• one monomer containing a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) and an amine group • 2 monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acids groups (or acyl chlorides) and other containing 2 amine groups
polyamides
condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by amide linkages on a long chain to form the polymer
polyesters
condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by ester linkages to form the polymer
how can polyesters and polyamides be hydrolysed?
• using hot aqueous alkali (e.g. hot NaOH) - using hot aqueous acid (e.g. hot HCl)
what are the characteristics of addition polymerisation?
• monomers contains a C=C double bond - backbone of polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms
what are the characteristics of condensation polymerisation?
• 2 monomers, each with 2 functional groups • 1 monomer with 2 different functional groups • polymer contains ester or amide linkages
conditions to make primary amines
• ethanol as a solvent- prevent any substitution of the haloalkane by water to produce alcohols • excess ammonia is used- reduces further substitution of amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines
why is the reaction for making primary amines unsuitable for making a pure primary amine?
• product still contains a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that can react further with a haloalkane to form a secondary amine