unit 4

the ability to do work

stored energy available to do work

energy being used to do work

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C

1000 calories and the most common unit for measuring energy and content in food

energy cannot be created or destroyed, although energy can be converted to other forms

every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat; entropy always increases

measure of randomness or disorder

the biochemical reactions of a cell

a chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy

an energy-releasing chemical reaction

chemical reactions that transfer energized electrons from one molecule to another

the loss of electrons from a molecule

the gain of electrons from a molecule

membrane-bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy

molecule whose high-energy phosphate bonds power many biological processes

two simultaneous chemical reactions, one of which provides the energy that drives the other

the addition of a phosphate to a molecule

an organic molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction without being consumed

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

the region to which the substrate bind

substances that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a substrate

an organic cofactor

the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its formation