Chapter 3 - Cells

• Cells with nuclei * In all plants and animals

• Cells without nuclei * Single-cell organisms: bacteria

• All the living components of a cell inside the cell wall. * In plants and animals

• Surrounds the protoplasm, just inside the cell wall. Is the “pool liner” of the cell. • Composed of phospholipids and embedded proteins • Double-layer of hydrophilic/hydrophobic lipids (with tails inward) that seal the cell • Function: regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell (water comes and goes freely); proteins are the transport modes through the cell (materials go through the proteins like a tunnel or a ferry) • In plants and animals

The fluid in the cytoplasm that organelles exist in and move through

• Made of cellulose • Primary wall is thin, secondary is thick • Function: structure • For plants only • Provide humans with clothing, shelter, furniture, paper, and fuel

The main structural component of cell walls. Composed of 100 to 15000 glucose monomers in long chains. The most abundant polymer on earth.

“Glue” that holds the cellulose fibrils together.

Membrane between cells, shared by adjacent cells.

Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between cells through minute openings to facilitate transport of sugars, amino acids, ions, etc. between cells.

Products of chemical synthesis or breakdown

Strands of protiens and DNA within the nucleus. During cell division, forms into coils and condenses into chromosomes.

• Membrane-consisting organelles in the cell, joined to the nucleus. • Function: facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials; used as a “workbench” by ribosomes to assemble amino acids for proteins, such as enzymes used in cellular respiration, and membrane synthesis • In plants and animals

Persistent structures of various shapes with specialized functions in eukaryotic cells; most but not all are bounded by membranes

• The “supervisors” organelle of the cells • Function: to get the jobs done as ordered by the nucleus; builds proteins (enzymes) on the ER • Consists of RNA and proteins • Created within the nucleus • In plants and animals

• A group of organelles, 3 of which are: chromoplasts, leucoplasts, chloroplasts. • In plants only

Coiled proteins and DNA formed in the nucleus during cell division.

• Organelle (a type of plastid) that contains chlorophyll pigments (green). The existence of all human and other animal life depends on the activities of chloroplasts. • Function: photosynthesis • In plants only

The green pigment in chloroplasts.

• Organelle, a type of plastid • Function: contains/synthesizes and accumulates pigments, mostly carotenoid (yellow, orange, some red). • In plants only (carrots, peppers)

Everything between the plasma membrane and nucleus: organelles and cytosol

• The “power station” of the cell; the energy organelle. • Function: provides energy to the cell via cellular respiration; converts sugars to a usable form: sugar + O2 –> ATP + CO2 + H2O reverse of photosynthesis: aerobic cellular respiration (uses O2) • In plants and animals

• Organelle • Takes up as much as 90% of the volume in a cell • A cell within a cell, membrane-bound • Function: water storage for the cell; “junkyard” to store misc “stuff”; maintains turgor pressure

The liquid contents of the vacuole. Contains water and dissolved salts, sugars, organic acids, and soluble proteins.