Topic 6 Organic

All of the atoms in the fuel are fully oxidised Hydrocarbon + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

All of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule are converted into water, but some of the carbon atoms can form gaseous carbon monoxide or solid carbon. -Not fully oxidised Partially incomplete: Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water Fully incomplete: Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon + water

-A toxic gas that causes death -It acts by preventing the transport of oxygen around the body -It is colourless and odourless, so people breath it into their lungs without knowing -It is known as the ‘silent killer’

-Metals such as platinum, rhodium and palladium are spread thinly over a honeycomb mesh to increase the surface area for reaction -A common type is known as a three way catalyst because it can remove three different pollutants: carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen -As the exhaust gases from the engine pass through the catalytic converter several reactions can occur.

Collects oxygen atoms and lets them bind with carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide.

Removes oxygen from nitrogen oxide pollutants and converts it to nitrogen and oxygen.

Collects oxygen atoms and binds them with carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide, molecules of unburnt fuel residue recombine with the oxygen due to the extreme heat resulting in more carbon dioxide and water.

Energy can be remade quicker than it is being used up

Fuel/energy is being used up faster than it can be made

Don’t produce carbon/greenhouse gases

Chlorofluorocarbons have been responsible for depleting the ozone layer as they attack and destroy ozone molecules

The process of breaking a covalent within a molecule leading to the formation of radicals. (A type of bond fission that involves the dissociation of a given molecule).

A species with an unpaired electrons.

-Formation of radical –> breaking Cl2 into individual atoms (UV is used) -Involves homolytic fission Cl2 —> Cl* + Cl* (*- free radical species)

-Free radical is very reactive and so can remove a H from methane to produce a new radical Cl* + CH4 –> HCl + CH3* (super reactive which leads to the start of a new equation) CH3* + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl* -Both steps form one radical and one molecule -Chlorine radicals are very reactive species and when they collide with methane molecules they react by removing a hydrogen atom.

-Radicals combine to form molecules Cl* + Cl* –> Cl2 CH3* + Cl* –> CH3Cl CH3* + CH3* –> C2H6

CnH2n

-The strength of a bond is dependent on the extent of overlapping. -In the case of the sigma bond, the overlapping of orbitals takes place to a larger event -Hence, the sigma bond is stronger in comparison to the pi bond because in the pi bond, the extent of overlapping is smaller.

CnH2n+2

Alkenes are hydrocarbons so like alkanes will burn in air or oxygen. The flame will be smokier than that of an alkane because of the higher percentage of carbon in the molecule. Alkenes are rarely burned as fuels because they have other more useful reactions.

Need pictures

An electron-deficient species that are attracted to an electron-rich center. (A species that will accept an electron pair).

Electron density

An unsymmetrical alkane is one in which the atoms on either side of the carbon carbon double bond are not the same. An unsymmetrical attacking molecule is one in which the atoms are different.