U2KA3
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What are treatments and contraception based on?
biology of fertility
How does knowing how humans conceive and reproduce help with infertility treatments and contraception?
because it helps doctors and people target fertile times and boost chances of sparm and ova fusing, or helps people prevent pregnancy
Women’s fertility is ______.
cyclical
Women are only fertile for ______ during each menstrual cycle.
a few days
What happens to the woman’s body after ovulation?
temperature rises by around 0.5C and her cervical mucus becomes thin and watery
Men _______ produce sperm, therefore show _______ fertility
continually, continuous
What are the different types of treatments for infertility?
Stimulating ovulation. artificial insemination, IVF, ICSI or genetic testing of embryos
What does stimulating ovulation do as treatment for infertility?
ovulation is stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion.
How do other ovulatory drugs work?
they work by mimicing the action of FSH and LH
What is a possible cause of ovulatory drugs?
super ovulation that can result in multiple births, or be used to collect ova for IVF programmes.
How does artificial insemination work?
samples of semen collected and injected (?) into the uterus
What does IVF stand for?
in vitro fertilisation
How does IVF work?
the female receives hormone treatment to produce many mature follicles, then extracted during surgery. Sperm and ova are combined in a petri dish to achieve fertilisation, then transferred back to the uterus
What does ICSI stand for?
intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection
How does ICSI work?
its used w IVF, the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg, the zygote then divides into 8 cells then implanted into the uterus
What is genetic testing of embryos for?
the zygote produced during IVF may have a cell extracted to test for genetic abnormalities
What does PGD stand for in genetic testing of embryos?
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
What is PGD used for?
used to test the zygote cell for single gene disorders and chromosome abnormalities
What are the 2 types of contraception?
physical and chemical
what are the types of physical contraceptions?
barrier methods, intra-uterine devices (IUD’s), and sterilisation
what are the type of chemical contraceptions?
the contraceptive pill, the progesterone only pill and the morning-after pill
what does physical method of contraceptions prevent?
preventing sperm and ova from meeting, preventing fertilisation
what does chemical methods of contraception involve?
prevention of the production of sperm or ova, destruction of the sparm or preventing implantation of a zygote in the endometrium.
How do barrier methods of contraception work?
by preventing sperm and ova from meeting