Microbiology
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How are relationships identified
Evolutionary evidence (fossil records) Similarity of observable characteristics genetic similarities and evolutionary relatedness
What are the three domains of life
Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
What is the order that domains are broken down in
Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the rules of binomial nomenclature
Genus name is always capitalized, can be abbreviated Species name is always lower case can not be abbreviated Always italicised (typescript) or underlined (written text)
What makes up domain eukarya
Microscopic algae, microscopic fungi, protozoa, helminths
What makes up domain archaea
archaeabacteria
What makes domain bacteria
Eubacteria (true bacteria)
what are the problems with algal blooms
turns the tide red. Can be harmless but could cause problems from toxins or accumulated biomass
Describe fungi
Can be multicellular or single cellular yeasts. Some cause mold or disease
What fungi causes black mold on food
Aspergillus niger
Explain how protozoa-1 work
Cyst is injected, converts into trophozoite which can be excreted (Giardia lamblia)
Explain what helminths are and how they work
Protazoa-2 types of worm and nematodes. They are often parasitic and ingestion of eggs causes diseases
What are archaeabacteria
Prokaryotes that are distinguished from domain bacteria. They may be considered ancient organisms and many live in extreme environments
define thermophiles
organisms which grow at extremely high temperatures
Define psychorophiles
organisms that thrive at extremely low temperatures
Define halophiles
organisms which live in conditions of extreme salinities
Describe mathanogens
organisms which live in anaerobic conditions and produce methane
How do archaea distinguish from bacteria
Their ribosomes structure types and linkages of lipids Variations in RNA polymerase Difference in cell wall Lack of peptidoglycan
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan on the outside of the plasma membrane. Gram negative has a thinner layer and an outer membrane
What are some ways bacteria can gain energy
photoautotrophs gain energy from light methanotrophs gain energy from methane chemolithotrophs gain energy from inorganic molecules chemoorganotrophs gain energy from organic chemicals
What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discover
in 1676 he saw animalcules (what we would call microscopic organisms) in a water sample. He made the monocular microscope
What is spontaneous generation and how was it disproven
The belief that living organisms could develop from non-living organisms (maggots from rotting meat, fleas from hair etc.) Francesco Redi disproved it using a 3 jar experiment
What is Lois Pasteur known for
Pasteurization (aseptic techniques), showing microbes caused fermentation, developed anthrax and rabies vaccine
what is a simple microscope
A microscope with only one lens