Quiz 2

a small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off

Adding methyl groups to DNA bases, usually cytosine

Inheriting traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins

specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, this switching an operon on

small single-strand RNA molecule from a hairpin structure, associates with a protein and can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence

In DNA technology, a labeled single stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a sample, the molecules of the probe form a hydrogen bond with the complementary sequence (it is radioactive or fluorescent)

in bacterial or phage DNA this is a sequence near the operon where an active repressor can attach -prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon

a unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes

gene that codes for a protein such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene/group of genes

a protein that inhibits gene transcription (in prokaryotes it binds to the DNA)

technique for determining expression of a particular gene uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from mRNA and does PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene

technique used to silence the expression of certain genes uses double stranded RNA to match the sequence of a gene to trigger the gene’s mRNA to break down

one of multiple small single stranded RNA molecules generated from a long linear double stranded RNA -binds with proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA sequence

programmed cell death that is caused by an activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell

master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

the process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, comes from causing changes in gene expression

a substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis

a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer

describes a cell that can make many but not all parts of an organism

a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal to a receptor in the plasma membrane, results in the stimulation of the cell cycle

unspecialized cell that can produce two identical daughter cells or specialized daughter cells that can undergo further differentiation, or one of each cell type

describes a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them