Ch 6 - 10 Vocab

involving or requiring the presence of oxygen

Oxygen-requiring cellular respiration. Includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation.

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP, ethanol, and CO2.

Occurring in (or requiring) the absence of oxygen.

Any of several pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.

Also called the Krebs cycle. Cyclic pathway that dismantles acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

Set of reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH. First part of fermentation and aerobic respiration.

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP and lactate

A chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females; a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species.

Structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information.

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

Process in which cells become specialized during development; occurs as different cell lineages begin to use different subsets of their DNA

Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during DNA replication; uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

Method of determining DNA sequence

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

Image of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. See base-pair substitution, deletion, insertion

Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase

Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.