Lesson 1.1: Computing Components
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Access time
Time it takes to retrieve data from memory or storage.
Addressability
Ability to access a data unit in memory.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
CPU part that handles math and logic operations.
Block
Fixed-size chunk of data stored on disk or in memory.
Bus width
Number of bits transferred at once on a data bus.
Cache memory
Fast, small memory that stores frequently used data.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Main chip that runs programs and processes data.
Control unit
CPU part that manages instruction execution.
Cylinder
Matching tracks across all platters in a hard drive.
Input unit
Devices that send data into a computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
Instruction register
Holds the instruction currently being run.
Latency
Delay before data transfer starts.
Motherboard
Main board that holds the CPU, memory, and other key parts.
Output unit
Devices that display or produce computer results (e.g., monitor, printer).
Pipelining
CPU method of overlapping instruction steps to speed up processing.
Program counter
Register with the address of the next instruction.
Register
Small, fast storage inside the CPU for temporary data.
Sector
Smallest data unit on a disk, part of a track.
Track
Circular path on a disk where data is stored.
Transfer rate
Speed of data movement between devices (in bits per second).