ch10 end of cold war

• long-standing structural problems, USSR command econ. • Soviet-Afghan War, satellite states • political repression • glasnost • peristrioka • Warsaw Pact Summit

1960s-1970s why 1. US, USSR, improve relations, avert possibility, nuclear war, MAD (i.e. Cuban Missile Crisis) 2. fear, isolation (Nixon first US president -> China, ping pong diplomacy -> China better bilateral relation, Sino-Soviet relations sour) what 1. US, USSR SALT Finland, 1969, mutually limit arms, reduce tensions, nuclear war 2. Nixon, Brenzhev, visit each other country, promote trade (sign Helsinki Accords, human rights) also cuz us withdraw from military war, soviet wanna spend less on military

Soviet Union Aggression - USSR station troops, supply arms, allies, Ethopia - 1979 Afgan War, Soviet -> Afgan, US regarded it as massive threat Change in Leadership - Nixon -> Carter, new President of US, abandon detente, take aggressive approach - Brezhnev think detente not beneficial - accusation of getting around nuclear treaties like SALT - USSR suspicious of US, US station troops, South Africa

• command econ.,1930s-1960s good, transform modern industrial power at 1930s, victory over Germany ww2 • decline, 1970s, drop industrial, agricultural (double digits -> single digits %tage in industrial) • command econ., only work well, small econ., no longer robust, needs, demands, larger econ. • command econ., not flexible, cater, new tech changes • everything dictated, decided, small grp, governing officers, USSR • corruption general standard of living USSR poor, serious problem corruption, disillusionment, communism less appealing

• econ demand, Cold war • numerous proxy war wage w/ US (Soviet-Afghan War), (USSR 50% econ.) • cause much more manufacturing, military goods, lack, consumer goods huge chunk econ., military, general standard of living USSR poor, serious problem corruption, disillusionment, communism less appealing

• far-sighted leader, understood fundemental problems plague USSR • believe reforms implement, Soviet communist system, NOT replace communism • “New Thinking” -> Glasnost, Peristroika • encourage Soviets, come up w/ ideas, improve USSR, put ideas -> structures, implemented Fundemental Problems: - command econ. - excessive military expenditure - disillusionment of ppl - USSR cannot compete, US

• Soviet politician, normal Soviets, openly, freely propose new ways, improve govt. • censorship lifted, greater access, inefficiencies, shortcomings Soviet syst all these years • greater exposure, far more progressive, superior Western counterpart, esp standard, living • backward USSR, modern western bloc, sharp contrast, disillusionment heightened, prompt them call for replace communism instead, reforming syst like Glasnost intend • satellite states, openly criticise, ask, end USSR • demonstrations, protests, uprising, disintegrate USSR Gorbachev underestimated hate of disillusioned Soviets towards communist system, after they learnt abt weak communist syst

• political econ. reforms, Glasnost, improve entire Soviet syst • emulate syst, western capitalism, creativity, innovation, start business, improve Soviet econ. • inefficiency, corruption alr too entrenched, any form of reform ineffective - ordinary Soviets start business, encounter corrupted Soviet officials, demand bribes b4 provide govt. assistance • numerous decades problem, cannot reverse quickly - unemployment, black markets • peristroika continue show, Soviet syst fundementally problematic, Soviet face problems, faced for decades, call for replacement

1988 1. Gorbachev speech, intention, withdraw Soviet forces, satellite state - reduce military expenditure • all satellite states, attempts break away, USSR - wish, break free, decades, being shackled - Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania (1989) • 1991 - all satellite state broke away, USSR disintegrate, collapse - satellite states breakaway, “Communist Bloc” disintegrates - rest, republics breakaway, “Union”, soviet union cease exist - collapse, Cold war effectively end Ukraine declare state soverignity, Lithuania protest, despite bloodshed, managed to break away

cut military spending, 1st time in 50yr 1. new thinking, realistic understanding, USSR cannot match US, decisive steps peace in Europe 1. withdraw Soviet troops, Afghan 2. sign treaty w/ US, remove all respective missles, Europe, first time, constructive steps build safer Europe 3. Reagen initiate nego abolish nukes w/ USSR, bcoz Gorbachev made moves, de-escalate tensions - 1985-1989 (reagen-gorbachev summits) de-ideologisation 1. “New Thinking” -> “De-ideologisation”, Soviet foreign policy, 2. USSR no need see themselves by their ideology 3. bilateral relations, no need adopt communism reagen want to improve relations, it was mutual

YES 1. correct ones, help USSR politically, econ. couldnt garner support, citizens 1. overly optimistic, think Eastern Europe communist regimes (satellite states) share same positive sentiments 2. Glasnost, Peristroika 2 fast pace 3. underestimate decades, unhappiness, citizens, satellite states -> central govt. cannot garner support, Party members underestimate how deeply entrenched old syst was, hardliners within Party, strong resistance

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1isBciFHXUe3O1ZgCiRbCH2j4XqlJY-KLGrjGXYaW0Nw/edit?tab=t.0 pg1

• collapse of USSR • collapse of Eastern Europe’s communist bloc • reduction, tensions

Poland - non communist individuals elected from Solidatary party communist bloc: Poland, Czechoslovakia e.g.

• Communist rule, not maintained by consent, but force • Brezhnev Doctrine - no country, warsaw pact, leave/threaten its unity • reinforce communist control, EE, even if unpopular • i.e. Hungrarian Uprising 1956, nationalist Nagy who was popular, wanted leave USSR, but Soviet tanks, troops invade

Ronald Reagen’s hardline stance - deeply anti-communist, in speeches, USSR = evil empire - believed people, business need free market - charisma, policies made him popular, allow him, continue hardline stance US econ, military might - boom, US econ, confidence champion democracy, capitalism - take tough line, USSR whenever possible - huge arms spending, made USSR anxious, USSR not enf resources, keep up - SDI programme, multi billion dollar, use satellite intercept missiles before hit their target

• US wanted to stop communism without using too much force, withdrew troops from Vietnam