Carboxylic acids & Esters - 6
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What functional group characterizes carboxylic acids?
–COOH Carboxylic acids are weak acids.
How are carboxylic acids named?
By adding the suffix ‘oic acid’ The functional group is always found at the end of the molecule.
What do carboxylic acids partially dissociate into?
Hydrogen ions and carboxylate ions
What makes the –COOH group polar?
Electronegative oxygen atoms
What type of bonding can carboxylic acids form with water?
Hydrogen bonds
How does solubility of carboxylic acids change with chain length?
Solubility decreases as chain length increases
What do carboxylic acids react with to form a salt and water?
Metal hydroxides (alkalis) and metal oxides
What products do carboxylic acids form when reacting with metal carbonates?
Salt, water, and carbon dioxide
What type of reaction occurs when carboxylic acids react with reactive metals?
Redox reaction
What functional group do acyl chlorides contain?
–COCl
How are acyl chlorides named?
Using the suffix –oyl chloride
What is formed when carboxylic acids react with thionyl chloride?
Acyl chlorides
What type of reactions do acyl chlorides undergo?
Nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions
What is produced when acyl chlorides react with water?
Carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride
What do acyl chlorides form when they react with alcohols?
Ester and hydrogen chloride
What is the primary product when acyl chlorides react with ammonia?
Primary amide and hydrogen chloride
What are esters characterized by?
The functional group ‘-COO’
What distinctive smell do esters have?
Fruity smell
What is required to form an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
An acid catalyst, usually concentrated sulfuric acid
What happens during esterification?
Water is removed, creating the -COO ester bond
How can smaller esters be separated from the reaction mixture?
By warming the mixture and distilling off the ester
How are esters named?
Using the alcohol as the first part and the carboxylic acid as the second part
What is an acid anhydride made from?
Two carboxylic acids
What does the hydrolysis of esters produce?
Carboxylic acid and alcohol