Nuclear Chemistry

Both protons and neutrons

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

When protons and neutrons come together to form a nucleus, some of the mass is lost and converted into ___ ___, which is the amount of energy required to ____ a particle from a system of particles or to ___ all the particles of a system

The difference between the theoretical calculated mass of the nucleus and the actual smaller mass of the nucleus is called the __ __, and is related to the binding energy by ____. This number is not that big and only accounts for __ ___ between the individual components and the molecule

Nuclear fission is when a very heavy ___ collides with a ____, and splits into ___ smaller atoms, releasing neutrons and __ in the process

Nuclear fusion is when two or more ____ nuclei fuse into one larger nuclei, releasing __, and neutrons in the process

In both fission and fusion, __ __ and __ ___ are conserved

radioactive decay occurs when the nucleus of an ___ element is ___ converted into a more ____ element and a ____ particle

alpha decay results in the release of a ____ particle, which is a ___ particle.

There are two types of beta particles that can be released in beta decay, ___ and __.

beta B+ decay happens when the ___ ratio is < 1 and a ___ is emitted, which has a mass of 0 and a charge of ___. Essentially, a proton releases a positive charge to become a ___. Therefore the __ ___ is not affected by the __ ___ decreases

Beta minus decay happens when the N/Z ____, and a beta particle with a mass of __ and a charge of -1 is emitted. Essentially, a nucleus releases a ___ charge, which makes a neutron transform into a ___. Therefore the mass number is unaffected, but the atomic number ____

Electron ___ is a type of beta decay in which the nucleus of an atom draws in an __ __ ___. This happens when a positive nucleus captures an electron from its innermost shell, combining with a ___ to create a ___. This results in an unchanged mass number, but ____ atomic number, and results due to attempting to balance the ___ ratio. It results in ____ release

Gamma decay involves an unstable atomic nuclei ___ its excess energy by spontaneously releasing ___ ___. Mass number and atomic number are both ____.

Alpha rays are stopped by ____, while beta rays can go through that but are stopped by ____ and ____. X-rays can go through the former two, but are stopped by ___, ____, and other metal plates. ____ rays are the same as x-rays. A ____ can penetrate everything but ___ and ___. The __ the particle the more penetrating it is

The time it takes for half the parent isotope to decay into the daughter isotope

All decay processes are __ ___ reactions, and an element’s half life stays the ___ no matter how much sample is present

General formula for a half life