Acids, Alkalis And Rates Of Reaction
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What does the pH of a solution in water tell us ?
Whether it is acidic alkaline or neutral
What is the pH scale a measure of ?
The concentration of hydrogen ions
What is the pHof neutral substances ?
7
What is the pH of acids?
Less than 7
What is the pH of alkalis ?
Above 7
Name acids (not ones used in a lab) in order of closest to 7 to 0 (6)
Milk (6) Urine (5) Tomato juice (5) Vinegar (4) Lemon juice (3) Battery acid (0)
What type of substance is water in terms of bonding ?
Covalent substance
What is different about water?
Although water is a covalent substance, some water molecules break apart to make hydrogen and hydroxide ions
What is the name given when water breaks itself into hydrogen and hydroxide ions ?
Self ionisation
What kind of reaction is the self ionisation of water ?
Reversible
What is meant by equilibrium ( in terms of the self ionisation of water)
The concentration of the water molecules and ions are constant but not equal
What does any sample of water contain?
Millions of molecule of H2O Only a few hydrogen and hydroxide ions
What is the Symbol for hydrogen ions?
H+
What is the symbol for hydroxide ions?
OH-
In PURE water what is the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions and what does this mean in terms of its pH ?
Equal PH7
What can be used to indicate the ‘concentration of’?
[….]
What are acids?
Compounds that produce extra hydrogen ions, When they dissolve in water
What does aq mean?
aqueous =dissolved in water
In terms of concentration what do acids have?
A greater concentration of hydrogen ion that hydroxide ions.
When water is added to acids , what happens to the : pH Concentration of hydrogen ions Concentration of hydroxide ions Conductivity
pH increases Concentration of hydrogen ions decreases Concentration of hydroxide ions increases Conductivity decreases
What are acids usually made from?
Covalent substances that break into ions in water
Why do acids conduct electricity ?
They contain ions
What is the chemical equation for the break up of hydrochloric acid in water ?
HCl (g) —–> + - H + Cl
What is the formula for hydrochloric acid? And ionic formula
HCl H+Cl-