Biology Ch. 1 and 2

reproduction, growth and development, order and structure, metabolism, respiration, response to enviornment stimuli, adaptation and evolution, autonomous movement

atoms < molecules < macromolecules < parts of cells < cells < tissues < organs < organ systems < multicellular organisms < population < ecosystem < biomes < biosphere

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

diverse group of unicellular bacteria; prokayotic (no nucleus)

archaebacteria; prokaryotic but has some structures found in eukaryotic cells; can survive in extreme conditions

eukaryotes with true nuclei

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

function or characteristic present at a given level of complexity, not present at the next lowest level

the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other

the tendency of water molecules to stick to other polar molecules

a functional group made of one oxygen and one hydrogen; polar and easily soluble in water; molecules with hydroxyl groups are generally called alcohols (almost all carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)

a functional group made of a single double-bonded oxygen; slightly polar; if it is at the end of an organic molecule, it’s an aldehyde… if it’s in the middle, it’s a ketone (simple sugars and some proteins and nucleotides)

a functional group made of a double-bonded oxygen, one single-bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen; acidic group, increases [H+] of a solution (all amino acids and proteins)

a functional group containing nitrogen and hydrogen; can act as a base by accepting protons (all amino acids, proteins, and some nucleotides)

a functional group containing phosphorus and oxygen; highly polar; important in energy compounds like ATP (DNA, RNA, and all nucleotides)

a functional group containing carbon and hydrogen; non-polar, affect solubility (alcohols, fatty acids, some amino acids and nucleotides)

a carbon and hydrogen structure to which functional groups are attached

portion of a molecule with defined chemical properties

alternate form of a molecule, differing in shape but not chemical composition.

isomer resulting from changes to the overall bonding pattern of a molecule

isomer resulting from changes next to a double bond; bonding pattern remains the same in both isomers but spatial orientation is different

isomer resulting from changes next to an asymmetric carbon; isomers are mirror images of each other

contain the same number of protons of the element, but a varied number of neutrons

polysaccharide used for structure by plants