Chapter 11: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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What is a hydrocarbon?
• A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
What does it mean for a molecule to be saturated?
• It contains only single carbon-carbon bonds
What does it mean for a molecule to be unsaturated?
• It contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds (including an aromatic ring)
What is a homologous series? Required.
• A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What is a functional group?
• A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule
What is an empirical formula? Required.
• The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
What are structural isomers? Required.
• Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
What are the 2 ways that covalent bonds break?
• Homolytic fission • Heterolytic fission
What is homolytic fission? Required.
• Each atom takes one of the electrons from the covalent bond, forming 2 radicals
What is a radical? Required.
• A species with an unpaired electron
How are radicals shown in a reaction mechanism?
• There is a dot next to them
What is heterolytic fission? Required.
• When one of the atoms take both electrons from the covalent bond (this atom becomes a negative ion and the other therefore becomes a positive ion)
What is a curly arrow? Required.
• The movement of an electron pair, showing either: • the formation of a covalent bond • heterolytic fission
What are the 3 types of reactions?
• Addition • Substitution • Elimination
What happens in an addition reaction?
• 2 reactant join together to form 1 product
What happens in a substitution reaction?
• An atom or group of atoms are replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
What happens in an elimination reaction?
• A small molecule is removed from a larger one (1 reactant forms 2 products)