Carboxylic/amino acids, biological polymers and condensation polymerisation
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What are carboxylic acids?
homologous series of compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH
What is a homologous series?
‘family’ of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties
Like all homologous series, the carboxylic acids follow these 4 rules:
same general formula differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds gradual variation in physical properties, such as boiling points similar chemical properties
What are 4 typical acid properties of carboxylic acids?
dissolve in water to form acidic solutions with pH values below 7 react with metals to form salt and hydrogen react with bases to form salt and water react with carbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide
What is the formula for methanoic acid?
HCOOH
What is the formula for ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
What is the formula for propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
What is the formula for butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
CnH2n+1COOH
What is an ester?
type of organic compound formed in reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid with functional group -COO
alcohol + carboxylic acid →
ester + water
What is a functional group?
atom/group of atoms, that determines the main chemical properties of an organic compound
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
COOH
What is the functional group of an ester?
COO
What do esters smell like?
fruity
ethanol + ethanoic acid →
ethyl ethanoate + water
Are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids?
weak acids
What does it mean if carboxylic acids are weak acids?
their solutions don’ t contain as many hydrogen ions as a solution of strong acid with same concentration pH will be higher than pH of string acid if their concentrations are the same very few of its molecules are ionised in a solution
What are polymers?
large molecule formed from many identical smaller molecules known as monomers
Are polymers always man-made?
no can occur naturally and are made by all living organisms
What are 3 examples of biological polymers?
DNA proteins starch/cellulose
Explain the structure of DNA
double helix> 2 polymer chains lined up + twisted around each other made up from 4 different types of monomer (nucleotides) sequence of nucleotides along DNA molecule is a code for genes
What is the genetic information stored in a molecule for DNA?
set of instructions for each organism to stay alive and grow
What are proteins made up of?
amino acid monomers