Cellular Respiration
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What is cellular respiration?
The break down of Glucose into ATP
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate which is a nucleotide
What makes up ATP?
A ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base and a triphosphate group
What does ATP do?
Provides energy to drive cellular processes and mediate the transfer of energy from reactions that release energy to those that require energy
What are reactions that require energy called?
Endergonic
What are reactions that release energy called?
Exergonic
How does ATP store energy?
High energy phosphoanhydride bond
How does ATP release energy?
When the phosphoanhydride bond is hydrolysed ATP + H20 ——-> ADP + pi + energy
How is ATP regenerated?
Energy from exergonic reactions can be used to add a phosphate group to ADP
What does substrate level phosphorylation do?
The transfer of a phosphate from a substrate with the energy coming from the substrate which is converted from a high to low energy in the process
Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
What work can ATP do?
Transport, Mechanical and Chemical work
What is NAD?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a coenzyme important for cellular respiration
How can NAD exist?
As NAD+ (oxidised) and NADH (reduced)
What does NAD do?
It acts as a carrier of energy and transports electrons from 1 reaction to another by trapping them
How does NAD work?
When a molecule is oxidised, 2H atoms are removed as a hydride ion (H-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). H- is transferred to NAD+ and H+ is released into the solution
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
What is the process of glycolysis?
6 Carbon glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates with 3 carbons
What does the energy releasing phase of glycolysis create?
ATP and NADH
What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?
Energy-requiring and energy-releasing
What are the first 2 steps of the energy-requiring phase of glycolysis?
• Phosphate group transferred from ATP to glucose • Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate (isomer)
What are the 3rd and 4th stage of glycolysis?
• Phosphate group transferred from ATP to fructose-6- phosphate • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits to form two three- carbon sugars: DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What is the relationship between DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
They are isomers and DHAP converts easily to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What is the deficiency of glycolysis energy-requiring stage?
2 ATP