AQA Chemistry Topic 2: Bonding, Structure & the Properties of Matter
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Q: What are the three types of chemical bonding?
A: Ionic, covalent, and metallic
What happens in ionic bonding?
A metal atom loses electrons to a non-metal atom, forming positive and negative ions
What holds ions together in an ionic bond?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
Q: What are the properties of ionic compounds?
A: High melting/boiling points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved, form giant lattices
Q: What happens in covalent bonding?
A: Non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons
What is a simple molecular substance?
A: A compound made of molecules with strong covalent bonds but weak intermolecular forces
What are the properties of simple molecular substances?
A: Low melting/boiling points, don’t conduct electricity
Q: What is a giant covalent structure?
A: A large structure where all atoms are bonded by strong covalent bonds
Q: Give examples of giant covalent substances.
A: Diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide
Why is diamond hard?
A: Each carbon atom makes 4 strong covalent bonds in a 3D structure
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
It has delocalised electrons that move between layers
What holds atoms together in metallic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons
What are the properties of metals?
Malleable, good conductors, high melting/boiling points
What is an alloy?
A mixture of metals (or metals and other elements) to make them harder
Why are alloys harder than pure metals?
A: Different sized atoms distort the layers, making it harder for them to slide
What are nanoparticles?
A: Very small particles, 1–100 nanometres in size
: What are the uses of nanoparticles?
A: Medicine, sun creams, cosmetics, electronics, catalysts
Why are nanoparticles useful as catalysts?
A: They have a high surface area to volume ratio
: What are the potential risks of nanoparticles?
A: They may be harmful to health or the environment (long-term effects are unknown)
What is a polymer?
A long chain molecule made by joining lots of smaller monomers
Q: How are the melting points of polymers compared to small molecules and giant covalent structures?
A: Higher than small molecules, lower than giant covalent structures