M6-Nitrogen Compounds
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Amine functional group
C-NH2
Nucleophile
Electron pair donor
What is a base
Electron acceptor
Why do amines act as a base
Have lone pair on nitrogen
Haloalkane to amine
By Nucleophilic substitution Uses excess NH3 Dissolved in ETHANOL and pressure
Why is ammonia used in excess when reacting
Amine produced is a nucleophile which competes with the NH3 Causes formation of secondary, tertiary and quaternary salts by further substitution
Reduction of a nitrile
H2 and nickel catalyst used Usually 2H2 if one nitrile group
Formation of nitro benzene
Concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 used 50°-60° reflux, By Electrophilic addition Nitration reaction
Reduction of nitrobenzene
Sn catalyst and concentrated HCL Reflux Reduction Represent reducing agent as [H] Normally need 6[6] to give 2 H to Nitrogen and 4 H to form water with oxygens from nitrogen
Amide classification
Primary, secondary or tertiary
Naming amides
Carbon chain with C=O takes priority If something other than hydrogen attached to N, N-… Follow rules for example N,N-Dimethyl…
Production of primary amide
Acyl chloride with excess NH3(l) to prevent further substitution
Formation of secondary amide
Acyl chloride and amine Used excess amine to prevent further substitution
Hydrolysis of amide
HCl(aq) Split amide leaving C=O and rest of molecule Uses H2O and HCl Form an ammonium salt as protonation
Basic hydrolysis of amide
Amide + NaOH(aq) —> Carboxylate salt + ammonia/amine Form ammonia/amine Also form a carboxylate salt with Na+ from NaOH with COO-