Exam 2
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physiological response
a short-term change in response to environmental change such as buoyancy change
adaptive response
often reversible response to an environmental change that has evolved to increase fitness
environmental change
the variation of environmental factors such as temperature or salinity that can effect an organism
receptor
what sense the change in environment in organisms such as antennae, tentacles, or protein systems
transfer system
nervous connections to muscle systems- endocrine system
fitness
the ability an organism has to survive and reproduce in its environment
types of adaptive responses
behavioral gene regulation- gene pathways biochemical-change in conc of enzymes physiological-systemic level
acclimation
response to an environmental change by establishing a new equilibrium
regulation
maintenance of constancy despite environmental change
conformance
internal state changes to match external environmental change
measures of performance
-growth -activity -endurance of activity -circulation/heartbeat
scope for growth
excess energy beyond what is needed for maintenance available to be used for growth
effects of temperature on organisms
latitudinal distribution of species based on temperature
homeothermy
regulators-keep body temp at a constant high level, yet lose heat to surrounding environment
poikilothermy
conformers-body temp conforms to surrounding environment, fetlock metabolic effiiciency
adaptations that reduce heat loss
insulation (blubber), countercurrent heat exchange
countercurrent heat exchange
two currents of fluids circulating in opposite directions inside closely associated and parallel structures. The warmest fluid loses heat by conduction transferring it to the coolest one
effects of heat shock
high physiological stress that can cause a decrease in population or difference in growth
heat shock proteins
formed during heat stress, prevents proteins from unfolding
ubiquitin
a low molecular weight protein that binds to degraded proteins which are then digested by intracellular proteolytic enzymes (garbage disposal system for denatured proteins)
disruption of membranes
caused by heat shock, disrupts the packing of phospholipids, which disrupts transportation through membrane of ions
how seasonal temperature extremes affects activity and reproduction
different based on latitudinal range of the species
adaptations to prevent freezing
glycoproteins and glycopeptides- act as an antifreeze at very low levels by binding to ice crystals and preventing growth
salinity effects on organisms
can create osmotic pressure or uncontrolled ion concentration within cells creating stress on organisms, change their behavior, limit reproduction