A.3
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List five classes of non- nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the International Olympic
• Beta Blockers • Anabolic steroids • Diuretics and masking agents • Stimulants • Hormones and related substances such as EPO and human growth hormone
Discuss why pharmacological substances appear on the list of banned substances.
A substance or method is included in the WADA prohibited list if it meets any of these criteria: • It has potential to enhance or enhances sport performance • It represents a potential or actual risk to the health of the athlete • It violates the spirit of the sport
Discuss the proposed and actual benefits that some athletes would hope to gain by using anabolic steroids, erythropoietin (EPO), beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.
Anabolic steroids: • Increased Muscle Mass and Strength • Lower Body Fat • Endurance Performance • Ability to train more frequently and more intensely • Weight Gain Recombinant Erythropoietin (rEPO): • Increased Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Blood • Alterations in Cognitive Function • Increased Exercise Capacity and Performance Beta Blockers: - Improved Precision and Accuracy and Reduced Symptoms of Anxiety Diuretics and Masking agents: • Weight Control • Physical Appearance • Hiding Illicit Substances Caffeine: • Improved endurance capacity • Caffeine burns fat as fuel, sparing carb stores. (not much evidence for this) • Caffeine enables muscles to contract with more force, due to a greater release of calcium • Caffeine increases alertness
Outline the possible harmful effects of long-term use of anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.
Caffeine: • Caffeine is an addictive substance • High doses have been associated with heart arrhythmias and mild hallucinations • Possible links with risks in pregnancy, cancer, calcium level issues and bone health Diuretics and masking agents: - Performance affecting symptoms- Fatigue Drowsiness Muscle Cramps Muscle Soreness • Impaired thermoregulatory function- Diuretics reduce the volume of plasma in the blood. • Electrolyte loss Beta blockers: -Brachycardia Abnormally low heart rate • Hypotension Low blood pressure • Cardiac Failure In those with underlying heart conditions • Hypoglycemia – low blood sugar In type 2 diabetics • Heart Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythm Can be life threatening • Dizziness or light headedness Due to low blood pressure Anabolic steroids: • Increased LDL cholesterol • shrinkage of testicles • Disruption to menstrual cycle • Liver cancer • Increases occurrence of acne • Depression • Mood changes rEPO: • Increased blood pressure • Viscosity of blood could lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure or heart attack