Immunity
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Purpose of the immune system? How does it work?
The human body has an immune system which evolved to prevent pathogens from entering the body as well as to neutralize the threat of damage should they enter the body.
Common pathogens the immune system protects us against?
• Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Protists
What is the first line of defense?
Seeks to prevent ALL pathogens from ENTERING the body of the circulatory system. These defenses are NON SPECIFIC
Examples of primary (first) defenses?
The primary defense against infectious disease are the surface barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. - These surface barriers include intact skin and mucous membranes, stomach acid and tears
What is the second line of defense?
Cellular and molecular responses of the innate immune system. These defenses are NONSPECIFIC.
In the second line of defense, are the defenses able to differentiate between different types of pathogens?
These defenses do not differentiate between different types of pathogen and respond the same way upon every infection
Examples of second defenses?
• PHAGOCYTIC LEUKOCYTES (migrate to infection sites and engulf foreign bodies) • INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (increase blood flow to carry leukocytes, this leads to localized swelling) ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (Such as cytokines and complement proteins) regulate immune activity in the body FEVER (Increases body temperatures to activate heat shock proteins and make the environment less favorable for pathogens to live and reproduce
What is the third line of defnese?
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to specific antigenic (foreign) fragments
What are B cells (third defense)
Each B cell produces a specific antibody and the body has millions of different B cells capable of detecting distinct antigens
Examples of third defense
B cells and helper T cells work together
What are T cells (third defense)
Regulate B cell activation ensuring that antibodies are only mass produced at appropriate times
Common function for both B and T cells?
Both B and T cells will differentiate to form memory cells after activation, conferring long term immunity to a particular pathogen
Different types of immunity humans can have
• Active immunity • Passive immunity – Natural immunity – Artificial immunity.
What is active immunity?
Antibodies are actively made by the body in response to antigen
What is passive immunity?
Pre made antibodies are received by an individual
What is natural immunity?
Antibodies are produced by a living organism and delivered via that living organism
What is artificial immunity?
Given to an individual through a vaccine
Explain natural active immunity in detail
Your body is infected by an
What is Artificial active? Give an example
Your body receives an injection of a DEAD or WEAKENED pathogen (bacteria, virus or protist) to stimunlate your own immune system to produce antibodies against