paper 2
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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conditions for thermal and catalytic cracking + products
thermal: high temp - 1200K high pressure - 7000KPa produces alkenes catalytic cracking: lower temp - 720K lower pressure but more than atmospheric (1atm) uses zeolit catalyst produces aromatic hydrocarbons cyclic alkanes + branches alkanes
the two equations for the different methods of flue gas desulfurization
calcium oxide and water: CaO(s) + SO2 (g) —> CaSO3(s) CaO(s) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) —> CaSO4.2H20 calcium carbonate: CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) —> CaSO4 + CO2
catalyst in catalytic converter
rhodium, platinum
how is terylene formed
from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol
what makes kevlar strong
due to its rigid chains and the ability of the flat aromatic rings to pack together held by strong intermolecular forces
what is fracking and how does it happen
-gas is extracted from shale rock • rock is drilled into and pressurized water with sand is forced into the rock • this breaks/fractures the rock • releasing the trapped gas
what does negative inductive effect do to acidity
increases acidity as it stabilizes the negative charge of the A-
what does positive inductive effect do to acidity
it decreases acidity as electron density is pushed towards the negative ion making it more negative and less stable
what happens to the hydrolysis of esters in acidic conditions
• does not go to completion • produces an equilibrium mixture containing the ester, water, acid and alcohol • acid catalyst (HCl) -can be hydrolysed at room temp with a strong acid catalyst
hydrolysis of esters in alkaline conditions
• bases catalyse the hydrolysis • salt of the acid is produced instead of the acid itself • this removes the acid from the reaction mixture so equilibrium is not established • reaction goes to completion
what is acylation
when an acyl group is introduced into another molecule
what is a use of anhydrous compounds
to absorb/ remove water from a compound (drying agent) or when you need a compound without extra water molecules
what is sodium carbonate used for
to neutralise acids (remove excess acids from a reaction mixture) or to realease CO2 by reacting with carbonates
explain the steps for a test for halogenoalkanes
reagents = AgNO3 + dilute HNO3 + aq NaOH + dilute NH3 + Conc NH3 1- warm halogenoalkane oath aqueous NaOH => produces halide 2- acidify with dilute nitric acid (removes interfering ions) 3- add silver nitrate solution
chemical test for alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxilic acids and their results
alkene- shake w bromine water - orange => colorless alcohol- acidified potassium dichromate - orange => green with primary and secondary aldehydes- fehlings sol/ tollens reagent - blue => brick red ppt / silver mirror forms Carboxylic acids- sodium hydrogen carbonate => effervesce + CO2 given off
what are some anhydrous compounds
sodium sulfate calcium chloride magnesium sulfate
what does a catalytic converter do
removes CO and Nitrigen oxides from car engines
equations of reactions that take place in a catalytic converter
2CO + O2 —> 2CO2 oxidation 2NO —> N2 + O2 reduction 2NO2 —> N2 + 2O2 hydrocarbons + CO2 + H2O
what are the reagents of converting a nitrile to an amine
H2 + Ni