Lecture 11 - What Can You Do with the Genes You Have?
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How are your genes and proteins influenced environmental factors
• During development and postnatal life • Nutrition, chemicals - smoking, environmental toxins, ageing, radiation • level of physical activity and intensity of activity
How much difference do genetic factors account for
Genetic factors account for 20-50% of inter-individual differences in most health related physical fitness and performance factors
What can you do with the genes you have
1) Transcription (DNA -> RNA) regulation - some genes are turned on and off; other have different basal levels, and these can be modified 2) Translation (RNA -> PRO) regulation - amount of each type of mRNA available - mRNA effectiveness in making protein 3) Post-translational processing - Polypeptides to functioning proteins
What are some of the muscle adaptation signals
• mechanical stretch • Hormones - adrenaline • Blood flow • Systematic factors • Energy depletion • Temperature • Hypoxia • pH • Fat/Cholesterol • Muscle Damage • ATP/ADP ratio • Nerve activity
What genes are stimulated by Aerobic/Cardiorespiratory/ Endurance exercises
Aerobic activity – mitochondria genes are expressed more, these genes help to make more mitochondria. Then we can work for longer and increase our VO2 mac. Also expression of metabolic genes – more enzymes to maintain metabolism
What genes are stimulated by Strength/resistance training
Strength activity – myogenic genes (expressing more proteins required to increase muscle fibre size). Another gene: expression of proteolytic genes (break down unused proteins, release amino acid, recycle and make more protein. Strength exercise increases mRNA for genes that regulate muscle growth